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Adaptation of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria to Endurance Training: Implications for Cardiac Protection

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Cardiac Adaptations

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease ((ABHD,volume 4))

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Abstract

Endurance training is a widely practised physical exercise modality aimed at increasing the aerobic working capacity. This review discusses the current state-of-the-art in research on the mechanisms of the exercise-induced quantitative and qualitative alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis and intracellular energy transfer in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. The data show that endurance training exerts a permissive effect on biogenesis of mitochondria through stimulating multiple pathways converging at activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). These pathways are mediated by stress hormones (glucocorticoids and catecholamines), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), class III histone deacylases (SIRT1 and SIRT3), cyclic nucleotide regulatory binding protein (CREB), p53 tumor suppressor protein, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). As a result, oxidative capacity of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells increases to cope with enhanced ATP turnover. In parallel, exercise induces significant changes in intrinsic properties of mitochondria expressed as suppressed capacity to produce ROS and resistance to permeability transition and apoptotic signals. These effects of training enable to protect myocardium by attenuating the decay in cardiac function in conditions of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, diabetes, and obesity. The beneficial effects of endurance training disappear in conditions of application of excessive training volumes which results in overtraining syndrome (OTS) characterized by skeletal and cardiac muscle damage and suppression of oxidative energy metabolism. Therefore, establishing criteria for early detection of development of OTS to avoid associated harmful impact on organism is of ultimate importance.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the grants from Estonian Science Foundation No 7117, 7823, and 8736 and by a grant SF0180114As08 from Estonian Ministry of Education and Research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia

    Enn Seppet & Ehte Orlova

  2. Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Laboratory of Functional Morphology, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411, Tartu, Estonia

    Teet Seene

  3. Department for Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology and Neurological Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany

    Frank N. Gellerich

  4. Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

    Frank N. Gellerich

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  1. Enn Seppet
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  2. Ehte Orlova
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  3. Teet Seene
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  4. Frank N. Gellerich
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Correspondence to Enn Seppet .

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  1. Czech Republic, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the, Videnska 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic

    Bohuslav Ostadal

  2. St. Boniface General Hospital, Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Tache Avenue 351, Winnipeg, R2H 2A6, Manitoba, Canada

    Naranjan S. Dhalla

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Seppet, E., Orlova, E., Seene, T., Gellerich, F.N. (2013). Adaptation of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria to Endurance Training: Implications for Cardiac Protection. In: Ostadal, B., Dhalla, N. (eds) Cardiac Adaptations. Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease, vol 4. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5203-4_20

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