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Photon Migration in Tissue

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Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Biomedicine

Part of the book series: Handbook of Modern Biophysics ((HBBT,volume 4))

Abstract

Although many researchers have attempted to determine the absolute value of tissue oxygenation using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS): time-resolved spectroscopy, spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS), phase-modulated spectroscopy, and continuous-wave spectroscopy (CWS), correction methods are still necessary for quantitative measurement. Overlying tissues, such as skulls and subcutaneous adipose tissues, can greatly affect the measurement sensitivity and accuracy. Therefore, analysis of photon migration is important in obtaining accurate absolute measurements. Several researchers have derived equations for the temporal and spatial dependence of diffusely reflected light in a turbid medium. Analytical solutions of diffusion theory are widely used to quantify the optical properties of homogeneous media. Propagation in a two-layered medium using a diffusion theory and Monte Carlo methods are frequently used to simulate photon migration. Various models are also used to simulate actual tissue structure.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Nakaku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 432-8561, Japan

    Masatsugu Niwayama Ph.D.

  2. Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics KK, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka, 434-8601, Japan

    Yutaka Yamashita BS

Authors
  1. Masatsugu Niwayama Ph.D.
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  2. Yutaka Yamashita BS
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masatsugu Niwayama Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR MEDICINE, University of California Davis BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Davis, California, USA

    Thomas Jue

  2. Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan

    Kazumi Masuda

Appendices

Problem

  1. 2.1

    A random number used on Monte Carlo simulation should be long period and of almost uniform distribution. How can this random number be generated?

Further Reading

Matsumoto M, Nishimura T (1998) Mersenne twister: a 623-dimensionally equidistributed uniform pseudorandom number generator. ACM Trans Model Comp Sim 8(1):3–30

Panneton F, L’Ecuyer P, Matsumoto M (2006) Improved long-period generators based on linear recurrences modulo 2. ACM Trans Math Softw 32:1–16

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Niwayama, M., Yamashita, Y. (2013). Photon Migration in Tissue. In: Jue, T., Masuda, K. (eds) Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Biomedicine. Handbook of Modern Biophysics, vol 4. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6252-1_2

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