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Biotic Stress and Crop Improvement: A Wheat Focus Around Novel Strategies

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Crop Improvement

Abstract

Currently much of the wheat genetic variability is obtained through conventional crop improvement methods involving land races and normal varieties. Hence, the germplasm base available in the form of cultivars is becoming increasingly narrow and the need for widening the gene pool is essential in view of the emerging biotic and abiotic stresses due to global warming and climate change. Major abiotic constraints that have surfaced are due to increased salinity, water logging, drought and heat. Biotic stresses of emphasis here additionally contribute to the crops productivity situation. To counter these maladies a broad genetic base is essential to have on hand and its implementation a dire need forming the focus of this communication. New and useful genetic variations exist in the wild uncultivated wheat progenitor species that can be utilized for the enhancement of the existing wheat breeding pools and improve yield stability. These genetic variations can be harnessed through a combination of conventional breeding methods coupled with interspecific, intraspecific and intergeneric hybridization approaches popularly known as “wide crossing” that independently and cumulatively augment the available genetic variability for wheat improvement.

Diploid wheat progenitors (2n = 2x = 14) A, B, and D are the constituents of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L) offering extensive diversity that contributes to crop improvement by providing novel allelic enrichment. A and D genome diploids belong to the “primary” gene pool and the B(S) genome to the “secondary” pool. Exploiting these diploids requires skills of developing user friendly genetic stocks commonly known as “synthetic hexaploids (SH)”. The stocks are produced by combining durum wheat cultivars (2n = 4x = 28) with each diploid thus generating hexaploids that are genomically AABBDD, AABBAA and AABBBB(SS). All stocks cytologically are expected to be 2n = 6x = 42 and major resources and provide unique allelic diversity for wheat improvement.

Biotic stresses of significance vary according to location and our major ones are the three rusts, karnal bunt with upcoming concern prevailing for powdery mildew, barley yellow dwarf and the new emergence of spot blotch. Progress to combat these stresses has be driven in tandem with locational priorities and these dictates have shifted global and national focus among the rusts to stem rust with the threat of race UG99’s spread linked with a local races presence. Thus diversity for exploitation has extended beyond the diploid relatives to include tertiary gene pool resources where most notable mention is of the diploid Thinopyrum bessarabicum that has the potential to address multiple stress factors and will be elucidated in an agglomerated manner to embrace various accessional sources as they relate to the major biotic stresses resistance management.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Alvina Gul Kazi

  2. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Awais Rasheed

  3. National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Abdul Mujeeb-Kazi

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  1. Alvina Gul Kazi
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  2. Awais Rasheed
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  3. Abdul Mujeeb-Kazi
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Correspondence to Alvina Gul Kazi .

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  1. , Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Darul Ehsan, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

  2. A.S. College, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190008, India

    Parvaiz Ahmad

  3. , Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, n/a, Selangor, 35100, Malaysia

    Munir Ozturk

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Kazi, A., Rasheed, A., Mujeeb-Kazi, A. (2013). Biotic Stress and Crop Improvement: A Wheat Focus Around Novel Strategies. In: Hakeem, K., Ahmad, P., Ozturk, M. (eds) Crop Improvement. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7028-1_7

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