Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diagnosing Parasomnias

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Parasomnias

  • 1867 Accesses

Abstract

People with epilepsy are frequently referred to sleep specialists to evaluate their sleep/wake complaints, sometimes to determine whether their paroxysmal nocturnal behaviors are epileptic or not. Many patients with epilepsy have at least one parasomnia (some more than one), and we are often asked to differentiate and treat these. New onset or a late recurrence of sleep terrors or sleepwalking in adults warrant consideration of other primary sleep disorders (obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), restless legs syndrome (RLS), REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), or shift work but stressful life events (changes in sleep environment, family or workplace conflicts) precede sleepwalking in the majority of the adult subjects. NFLE predisposes patients and their relatives to the particular parasomnias (DoA and bruxism). An individual with NFLE has a six-fold greater lifetime risk for DoA and fivefold for sleep-related bruxism compared to controls. The lifetime prevalence of a DoA in relatives of patients with NFLE was 4.7 times greater and nightmares 2.6 times greater than compared to relatives of control subjects. Sleep is more likely to be fragmented by frequent nocturnal awakenings in patients with NFLE who complain of EDS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kushida CA, Littner MR, Morgenthaler T, Alessi CA, Bailey D, Coleman J Jr, et al. Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: an update for 2005. Sleep. 2005 Apr 1;28(4):499–521. (PubMed PMID: 16171294)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Mahowald MW, Cramer Bornemann MA, Schenck CH. State dissociation, human behavior, and consciousness. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011;11(19):2392–402. (PubMed PMID: 21906025. Epub 2011/09/13. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Insights from studying human sleep disorders. Nature. 2005 Oct 27;437(7063):1279–85. (PubMed PMID: 16251953. Epub 2005/10/28. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cheyne JA, Girard TA. The body unbound: vestibular-motor hallucinations and out-of-body experiences. Cortex. 2009 Feb;45(2):201–15. (PubMed PMID: 18621363. Epub 2008/07/16. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Voss U, Frenzel C, Koppehele-Gossel J, Hobson A. Lucid dreaming: an age-dependent brain dissociation. J Sleep Res. 2012 Dec;21(6):634–42. (PubMed PMID: 22639960. Epub 2012/05/30. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Voss U, Holzmann R, Tuin I, Hobson JA. Lucid dreaming: a state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming. Sleep. 2009 Sep;32(9):1191–200. (PubMed PMID: 19750924. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2737577. Epub 2009/09/16. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Manni R, Terzaghi M, Ratti PL, Repetto A, Zangaglia R, Pacchetti C. Hallucinations and REM sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson’s disease: dream imagery intrusions and other hypotheses. Conscious Cogn. 2011 Dec;20(4):1021–6. (PubMed PMID: 21071244. Epub 2010/11/13. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. McNally RJ, Clancy SA. Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction. Transcult Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;42(1):113–22. (PubMed PMID: 15881271. Epub 2005/05/11. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Walters AS. Clinical identification of the simple sleep-related movement disorders. Chest. 2007 Apr;131(4):1260–6. (PubMed PMID: 17426241)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Klackenberg G. Somnambulism in childhood–prevalence, course and behavioral correlations. A prospective longitudinal study (6–16 years). Acta Paediatr Scand. 1982 May;71(3):495–9. (PubMed PMID: 7136663)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ohayon MM, Mahowald MW, Dauvilliers Y, Krystal AD, Leger D. Prevalence and comorbidity of nocturnal wandering in the U.S. adult general population. Neurology. 2012 May 15;78(20):1583–9. (PubMed PMID: 22585435. Epub 2012/05/16. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Trotti LM. REM sleep behaviour disorder in older individuals: epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. Drugs Aging. 2010 Jun 1;27(6):457–70. (PubMed PMID: 20524706. Epub 2010/06/09. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chiu HFK, Wing YK, Chung DWS, Ho CKW. REM sleep behavior disorder in the elderly. Int J Geriat Psychiatry. 1997;12:888–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Olson EJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain. 2000 Feb;123(Pt 2):331–9. (PubMed PMID: 10648440)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Schenck CH, Hurwitz TD, Mahowald MW. Symposium: Normal and abnormal REM sleep regulation: REM sleep behaviour disorder: an update on a series of 96 patients and a review of the world literature. J Sleep Res. 1993 Dec;2(4):224–31. (PubMed PMID: 10607098. Epub 1993/12/01. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Iranzo A, Molinuevo JL, Santamaria J, Serradell M, Marti MJ, Valldeoriola F, et al. Rapid-eye movement sleep behaviour disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol. 2006 Jul;5(7):572–7. (PubMed PMID: 16781987. Epub 2006/06/20. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Montplaisir JY. Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder in the transition to degenerative disease. Mov Disord. 2009 Nov 15;24(15):2225–32. (PubMed PMID: 19768814. Epub 2009/09/22. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Billiard M. REM sleep behavior disorder and narcolepsy. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2009 Aug;8(4):264–70. (PubMed PMID: 19689308. Epub 2009/08/20. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nevsimalova S, Prihodova I, Kemlink D, Lin L, Mignot E. REM behavior disorder (RBD) can be one of the first symptoms of childhood narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007 Nov;8(7–8):784–6. (PubMed PMID: 17569582. Epub 2007/06/16. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Nightingale S, Orgill JC, Ebrahim IO, de Lacy SF, Agrawal S, Williams AJ. The association between narcolepsy and REM behavior disorder (RBD). Sleep Med. 2005 May;6(3):253–8. (PubMed PMID: 15854856. Epub 2005/04/28. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Aurora RN, Zak RS, Auerbach SH, Casey KR, Chowdhuri S, Karippot A, et al. Best practice guide for the treatment of nightmare disorder in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 Aug 15;6(4):389–401. (PubMed PMID: 20726290. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2919672. Epub 2010/08/24. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Weyer A, Minnerop M, Abele M, Klockgether T. REM sleep behavioral disorder in pure autonomic failure (PAF). Neurology. 2006 Feb 28;66(4):608–9. (PubMed PMID: 16505328. Epub 2006/03/01. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, Lucas JA, Parisi JE. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov Disord. 2001 Jul;16(4):622–30. (PubMed PMID: 11481685. Epub 2001/08/02. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Parisi JE, Dickson DW, Ferman TJ, Benarroch EE, et al. Synucleinopathy pathology and REM sleep behavior disorder plus dementia or parkinsonism. Neurology. 2003 Jul 8;61(1):40–5. (PubMed PMID: 12847154)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2004 Sep;17(3):146–57. (PubMed PMID: 15312278. Epub 2004/08/18. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Boeve BF, Saper CB. REM sleep behavior disorder: a possible early marker for synucleinopathies. Neurology. 2006 Mar 28;66(6):796–7. (PubMed PMID: 16567693)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Saper CB, Ferman TJ, Dickson DW, Parisi JE, et al. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain. 2007 Nov;130(Pt 11):2770–88. (PubMed PMID: 17412731. Epub 2007/04/07. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gagnon JF, Postuma RB, Mazza S, Doyon J, Montplaisir J. Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder and neurodegenerative diseases. Lancet Neurol. 2006 May;5(5):424–32. (PubMed PMID: 16632313)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Stiasny-Kolster K, Doerr Y, Moller JC, Hoffken H, Behr TM, Oertel WH, et al. Combination of ‘idiopathic’ REM sleep behaviour disorder and olfactory dysfunction as possible indicator for alpha-synucleinopathy demonstrated by dopamine transporter FP-CIT-SPECT. Brain. 2005 Jan;128(Pt 1):126–37. (PubMed PMID: 15548552. Epub 2004/11/19. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Postuma RB, Lang AE, Massicotte-Marquez J, Montplaisir J. Potential early markers of Parkinson disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2006 Mar 28;66(6):845–51. (PubMed PMID: 16567700. Epub 2006/03/29. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Bornemann MA. Pathophysiologic mechanisms in REM sleep behavior disorder. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2007 Mar;7(2):167–72. (PubMed PMID: 17355839)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Claassen DO, Josephs KA, Ahlskog JE, Silber MH, Tippmann-Peikert M, Boeve BF. REM sleep behavior disorder preceding other aspects of synucleinopathies by up to half a century. Neurology. 2010 Aug 10;75(6):494–9. (PubMed PMID: 20668263. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2918473. Epub 2010/07/30. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, Kokmen E, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and degenerative dementia: an association likely reflecting Lewy body disease. Neurology. 1998 Aug;51(2):363–70. (PubMed PMID: 9710004. Epub 1998/08/26. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38 % of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurology. 1996 Feb;46(2):388–93. (PubMed PMID: 8614500. Epub 1996/02/01. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD): delayed emergence of parkinsonism and/or dementia in 65 % of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic RBD, and an analysis of the maximum and minium tonic and/or phasic electromyographic abnormalities found during REM sleep. Sleep. 2003;26 (Suppl.):A316.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Fantini ML, Massicotte-Marquez J, Montplaisir J. Quantifying the risk of neurodegenerative disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2009 Apr 14;72(15):1296–300. (PubMed PMID: 19109537. Epub 2008/12/26. eng.)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Shin HY, Joo EY, Kim ST, Dhong HJ, Cho JW. Comparison study of olfactory function and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson’s disease and normal control. Neurol Sci. 2012 Jul 28. (PubMed PMID: 22843227)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sasai T, Miyamoto T, Miyamoto M, Iwanami M, Abe T, Matsuura M, et al. Impaired decision-making in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med. 2012 Mar;13(3):301–6. (PubMed PMID: 22285107)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Miyamoto T, Miyamoto M, Iwanami M, Hirata K. Follow-up study of cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Eur J Neurol. 2011 Oct;18(10):1275–8. (PubMed PMID: 21914050)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hanyu H, Inoue Y, Sakurai H, Kanetaka H, Nakamura M, Miyamoto T, et al. Voxel-based magnetic resonance imaging study of structural brain changes in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012 Feb;18(2):136–9. (PubMed PMID: 21924943)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hanyu H, Inoue Y, Sakurai H, Kanetaka H, Nakamura M, Miyamoto T, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow changes in patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Eur J Neurol. 2011 May;18(5):784–8. (PubMed PMID: 21143707)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Iranzo A, Santamaria J. Severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea mimicking REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2005 Feb 1;28(2):203–6. (PubMed PMID: 16171244. Epub 2005/09/21. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Dauvilliers Y, Rompre S, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Petit D, Montplaisir J. REM sleep characteristics in narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2007 Jul 1;30(7):844–9. (PubMed PMID: 17682654. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1978363. Epub 2007/08/09. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Motor dyscontrol in narcolepsy: rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol. 1992 Jul;32(1):3–10. (PubMed PMID: 1642469. Epub 1992/07/01. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ahmed QA. Effects of common medications used for sleep disorders. Crit Care Clin. 2008 Jul;24(3):493–515, vi. (PubMed PMID: 18538197. Epub 2008/06/10. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Abril B, Carlander B. Touchon J, Dauvilliers Y. Restless legs syndrome in narcolepsy: a side effect of sodium oxybate? Sleep Med. 2007 Mar;8(2):181–3. (PubMed PMID: 17275405. Epub 2007/02/06. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Manni R, Terzaghi M, Zambrelli E. REM sleep behaviour disorder in elderly subjects with epilepsy: frequency and clinical aspects of the comorbidity. Epilepsy Res. 2007 Dec;77(2–3):128–33. (PubMed PMID: 17980556. Epub 2007/11/06. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Lloyd R, Tippmann-Peikert M, Slocumb N, Kotagal S. Characteristics of REM sleep behavior disorder in childhood. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012 Apr 15;8(2):127–31. (PubMed PMID: 22505856. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3311408)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lam SP, Li SX, Mok V, Wing YK. Young-onset REM sleep behavior disorder: beyond the antidepressant effect. Sleep Med. 2012 Feb;13(2):211. (PubMed PMID: 22137105)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Roth B, Buuhova S, Berkova L. Familial sleep paralysis. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr. 1968;102(2):321–30. (PubMed PMID: 5734594. Epub 1968/01/01. eng.)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mayer G, Wilde-Frenz J, Kurella B. Sleep related rhythmic movement disorder revisited. J Sleep Res. 2007 Mar;16(1):110–6. (PubMed PMID: 17309770)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Stepanova I, Nevsimalova S, Hanusova J. Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood. Sleep. 2005 Jul 1;28(7):851–7. (PubMed PMID: 16124665)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Manni R, Terzaghi M. Rhythmic movements during sleep: a physiological and pathological profile. Neurol Sci. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl 3:s181–5. (PubMed PMID: 16331393. Epub 2005/12/07. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Aurora RN, Lamm CI, Zak RS, Kristo DA, Bista SR, Rowley JA, Casey KR. Practice parameters for the non-respiratory indications for polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing for children. Sleep. 2012;35(11):1467–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Guilleminault C, Palombini L. Pelayo R, Chervin RD. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors in prepubertal children: what triggers them? Pediatrics. 2003 Jan;111(1):e17–25. (PubMed PMID: 12509590. Epub 2003/01/02. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Mahowald MW, Schenk CH, Cramer Bornemann MA. Violent parasomnias forensic implications. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;99:1149–59. (PubMed PMID: 21056247. Epub 2010/11/09. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Schenck CH, Arnulf I, Mahowald MW. Sleep and sex: what can go wrong? A review of the literature on sleep related disorders and abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences. Sleep. 2007 Jun;30(6):683–702. (PubMed PMID: 17580590. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1978350)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Pressman MR. Factors that predispose, prime and precipitate NREM parasomnias in adults: clinical and forensic implications. Sleep Med Rev. 2007 Feb;11(1):5–30; discussion 1–3. (PubMed PMID: 17208473)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bornemann MA, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Parasomnias: clinical features and forensic implications. Chest. 2006 Aug;130(2):605–10. (PubMed PMID: 16899867. Epub 2006/08/11. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Priest RG. Violent behavior during sleep. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:369–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Camfield P, Gordon K, Camfield C, Tibbles J, Dooley J, Smith B. EEG results are rarely the same if repeated within six months in childhood epilepsy. Can J Neurol Sci. 1995 Nov;22(4):297–300. (PubMed PMID: 8599774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Gilbert DL, Gartside PS. Factors affecting the yield of pediatric EEGs in clinical practice. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2002 Jan-Feb;41(1):25–32. (PubMed PMID: 11866362)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Aydin K, Okuyaz C, Serdaroglu A, Gucuyener K. Utility of electroencephalography in the evaluation of common neurologic conditions in children. J Child Neurol. 2003 Jun;18(6):394–6. (PubMed PMID: 12886973)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bozorg AM, Lacayo JC, Benbadis SR. The yield of routine outpatient electroencephalograms in the veteran population. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2010 Jun;27(3):191–2. (PubMed PMID: 20461015. Epub 2010/05/13. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gilbert DL. Interobserver reliability of visual interpretation of electroencephalograms in children with newly diagnosed seizures. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Dec;48(12):1009–10; author reply 10–1. (PubMed PMID: 17109796)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Gilbert DL, DeRoos S, Bare MA. Does sleep or sleep deprivation increase epileptiform discharges in pediatric electroencephalograms? Pediatrics. 2004 Sep;114(3):658–62. (PubMed PMID: 15342836)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Eisermann M, Kaminska A, Berdougo B, Brunet ML. Melatonin: experience in its use for recording sleep EEG in children and review of the literature. Neuropediatrics. 2010 Aug;41(4):163–6. (PubMed PMID: 21086220. Epub 2010/11/19. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Leach JP, Stephen LJ, Salveta C, Brodie MJ. Which electroencephalography (EEG) for epilepsy? The relative usefulness of different EEG protocols in patients with possible epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006 Sep;77(9):1040–2. (PubMed PMID: 16801353. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2077738. Epub 2006/06/28. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Roupakiotis SC, Gatzonis SD, Triantafyllou N, Mantouvalos V, Chioni A, Zournas C, et al. The usefulness of sleep and sleep deprivation as activating methods in electroencephalographic recording: contribution to a long-standing discussion. Seizure. 2000 Dec;9(8):580–4. (PubMed PMID: 11162756. Epub 2001/02/13. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Oldani A, Zucconi M, Smirne S, Ferini-Strambi L. The neurophysiological evaluation of nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Seizure. 1998 Aug;7(4):317–20. (PubMed PMID: 9733408. Epub 1998/09/11. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Chen LS, Mitchell WG, Horton EJ, Snead OC 3rd. Clinical utility of video-EEG monitoring. Pediatr Neurol. 1995 Apr;12(3):220–4. (PubMed PMID: 7619188)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Provini F, Plazzi G, Tinuper P, Vandi S, Lugaresi E, Montagna P. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. A clinical and polygraphic overview of 100 consecutive cases. Brain. 1999 Jun;122(Pt 6):1017–31. (PubMed PMID: 10356056. Epub 1999/06/04. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Bye AM, Kok DJ, Ferenschild FT, Vles JS. Paroxysmal non-epileptic events in children: a retrospective study over a period of 10 years. J Paediatr Child Health. 2000 Jun;36(3):244–8. (PubMed PMID: 10849225)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mohan KK, Markand ON, Salanova V. Diagnostic utility of video EEG monitoring in paroxysmal events. Acta Neurol Scand. 1996 Nov;94(5):320–5. (PubMed PMID: 8947283)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Foldvary-Schaefer N, De Ocampo J, Mascha E, Burgess R, Dinner D, Morris H. Accuracy of seizure detection using abbreviated EEG during polysomnography. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2006 Feb;23(1):68–71. (PubMed PMID: 16514353)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Foldvary N, Caruso AC, Mascha E, Perry M, Klem G, McCarthy V, et al. Identifying montages that best detect electrographic seizure activity during polysomnography. Sleep. 2000 Mar 15;23(2):221–9. (PubMed PMID: 10737339)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Marzec ML, Malow BA. Approaches to staging sleep in polysomnographic studies with epileptic activity. Sleep Med. 2003 Sep;4(5):409–17. (PubMed PMID: 14592282. Epub 2003/11/01. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Frauscher B, Gschliesser V, Brandauer E, Ulmer H, Peralta CM, Muller J, et al. Video analysis of motor events in REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord. 2007 Jul 30;22(10):1464–70. (PubMed PMID: 17516467. Epub 2007/05/23. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Chesson AL Jr, Ferber RA, Fry JM, Grigg-Damberger M, Hartse KM, Hurwitz TD, et al. The indications for polysomnography and related procedures. Sleep. 1997 Jun;20(6):423–87. (PubMed PMID: 9302726. Epub 1997/06/01. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Aldrich MS, Jahnke B. Diagnostic value of video-EEG polysomnography. Neurology. 1991 Jul;41(7):1060–6. (PubMed PMID: 2067634)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Zhang J, Lam SP, Ho CK, Li AM, Tsoh J, Mok V, et al. Diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder by video-polysomnographic study: is one night enough? Sleep. 2008 Aug 1;31(8):1179–85. (PubMed PMID: 18714790. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2542964. Epub 2008/08/22. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Schenck CH, Milner DM, Hurwitz TD, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW. A polysomnographic and clinical report on sleep-related injury in 100 adult patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1989 Sep;146(9):1166–73. (PubMed PMID: 2764174)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Blatt I, Peled R, Gadoth N, Lavie P. The value of sleep recording in evaluating somnambulism in young adults. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991 Jun;78(6):407–12. (PubMed PMID: 1712276)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Zadra A, Pilon M, Joncas S, Rompre S, Montplaisir J. Analysis of postarousal EEG activity during somnambulistic episodes. J Sleep Res. 2004 Sep;13(3):279–84. (PubMed PMID: 15339264)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Schenck CH, Pareja JA, Patterson AL, Mahowald MW. Analysis of polysomnographic events surrounding 252 slow-wave sleep arousals in thirty-eight adults with injurious sleepwalking and sleep terrors. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1998 Mar;15(2):159–66. (PubMed PMID: 9563584. Epub 1998/05/01. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Allison KC, Lundgren JD, O’Reardon JP, Geliebter A, Gluck ME, Vinai P, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for night eating syndrome. Int J Eat Disord. 2010 Apr;43(3):241–7. (PubMed PMID: 19378289. Epub 2009/04/21. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Goldner M, Bachelder V, Cramer-Bornemann M. Parasomnia pseudo-suicide. J Forensic Sci. 2003 Sep;48(5):1158–62. (PubMed PMID: 14535686. Epub 2003/10/11. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Ettinger MG, Mahowald MW. Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia. Sleep. 1986 Jun;9(2):293–308. (PubMed PMID: 3505730)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Patterson AL, Mahowald MW. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. A treatable parasomnia affecting older adults. JAMA. 1987 Apr 3;257(13):1786–9. (PubMed PMID: 3820495. Epub 1987/04/03. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Sorensen GL, Kempfner J, Zoetmulder M, Sorensen HB, Jennum P. Attenuated heart rate response in REM sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2012 Jun;27(7):888–94. (PubMed PMID: 22555939)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Iranzo A, Santamaria J, Tolosa E. The clinical and pathophysiological relevance of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurodegenerative diseases. Sleep Med Rev. 2009 Dec;13(6):385–401. (PubMed PMID: 19362028. Epub 2009/04/14. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Manni R, Terzaghi M, Glorioso M. Motor-behavioral episodes in REM sleep behavior disorder and phasic events during REM sleep. Sleep. 2009 Feb 1;32(2):241–5. (PubMed PMID: 19238811. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2635588. Epub 2009/02/26. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. AASM. REM sleep behavior disorder (including parasomnia overlap disorder and status dissociatus). In: Sateia MJ, editor. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd edn., diagnostic and coding manual. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005. pp. 148–52.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Oudiette D, Leu-Semenescu S, Roze E, Vidailhet M, De Cock VC, Golmard JL, et al. A motor signature of REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord. 2012 Mar;27(3):428–31. (PubMed PMID: 22173891)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Oudiette D, De Cock VC, Lavault S, Leu S, Vidailhet M, Arnulf I. Nonviolent elaborate behaviors may also occur in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2009 Feb 10;72(6):551–7. (PubMed PMID: 19204265. Epub 2009/02/11. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. De Cock VC, Vidailhet M, Leu S, Texeira A, Apartis E, Elbaz A, et al. Restoration of normal motor control in Parkinson’s disease during REM sleep. Brain. 2007 Feb;130(Pt 2):450–6. (PubMed PMID: 17235126. Epub 2007/01/20. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. D’Agostino A, Manni R, Limosani I, Terzaghi M, Cavallotti S, Scarone S. Challenging the myth of REM sleep behavior disorder: no evidence of heightened aggressiveness in dreams. Sleep Med. 2012 Jun;13(6):714–9. (PubMed PMID: 22503942)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Aurora RN, Zak RS, Maganti RK, Auerbach SH, Casey KR, Chowdhuri S, et al. Best practice guide for the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 Feb 15;6(1):85–95. (PubMed PMID: 20191945. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2823283. Epub 2010/03/03. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, Quan SF, for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications, 1st edn. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Walters AS, Lavigne G, Hening W, Picchietti DL, Allen RP, Chokroverty S, et al. The scoring of movements in sleep. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007 Mar 15;3(2):155–67. (PubMed PMID: 17557425. Epub 2007/06/15. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Medicine AAoS. International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd edn., diagnostic and coding manual (ICSD-2). Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Frauscher B, Iranzo A, Hogl B, Casanova-Molla J, Salamero M, Gschliesser V, et al. Quantification of electromyographic activity during REM sleep in multiple muscles in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2008 May 1;31(5):724–31. (PubMed PMID: 18517042. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2398742. Epub 2008/06/04. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Bliwise DL, Rye DB. Elevated PEM (phasic electromyographic metric) rates identify rapid eye movement behavior disorder patients on nights without behavioral abnormalities. Sleep. 2008 Jun 1;31(6):853–7. (PubMed PMID: 18548830. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2442408. Epub 2008/06/14. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Burns JW, Consens FB, Little RJ, Angell KJ, Gilman S, Chervin RD. EMG variance during polysomnography as an assessment for REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2007 Dec 1;30(12):1771–8. (PubMed PMID: 18246986. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2276138. Epub 2008/02/06. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Mayer G, Kesper K, Ploch T, Canisius S, Penzel T, Oertel W, et al. Quantification of tonic and phasic muscle activity in REM sleep behavior disorder. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Feb;25(1):48–55. (PubMed PMID: 18303560. Epub 2008/02/28. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Ferri R, Manconi M, Plazzi G, Bruni O, Vandi S, Montagna P, et al. A quantitative statistical analysis of the submentalis muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder. J Sleep Res. 2008 Mar;17(1):89–100. (PubMed PMID: 18275559. Epub 2008/02/16. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Fantini ML, Ferini-Strambi L, Montplaisir J. Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: toward a better nosologic definition. Neurology. 2005 Mar 8;64(5):780–6. (PubMed PMID: 15753409. Epub 2005/03/09. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Sforza E, Krieger J, Petiau C. REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical and physiopathological findings. Sleep Med Rev. 1997 Nov;1(1):57–69. (PubMed PMID: 15310524. Epub 2004/08/18. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Montplaisir J, Gagnon JF, Fantini ML, Postuma RB, Dauvilliers Y, Desautels A, et al. Polysomnographic diagnosis of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord. 2010 Oct 15;25(13):2044–51. (PubMed PMID: 20818653. Epub 2010/09/08. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Consens FB, Chervin RD, Koeppe RA, Little R, Liu S, Junck L, et al. Validation of a polysomnographic score for REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2005 Aug 1;28(8):993–7. (PubMed PMID: 16218083. Epub 2005/10/13. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Iranzo A, Luca Ratti P, Casanova-Molla J, Serradell M, Vilaseca I, Santamaria J. Excessive muscle activity increases over time in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2009 Sep 1;32(9):1149–53. (PubMed PMID: 19750919. Epub 2009/09/16. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Montagna P. Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia and nocturnal wandering. Neurology. 1992 Jul;42(7 Suppl 6):61–7. (PubMed PMID: 1630641)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Meierkord H, Fish DR, Smith SJ, Scott CA, Shorvon SD, Marsden CD. Is nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia a form of frontal lobe epilepsy? Mov Disord. 1992;7(1):38–42. (PubMed PMID: 1557065. Epub 1992/01/01. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F, Montagna P. Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia. Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1991;2:137–40. (PubMed PMID: 1760084. Epub 1991/01/01. eng.)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Hughes JR. A review of sleepwalking (somnambulism): the enigma of neurophysiology and polysomnography with differential diagnosis of complex partial seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Dec;11(4):483–91. (PubMed PMID: 17931980)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Derry CP, Duncan JS, Berkovic SF. Paroxysmal motor disorders of sleep: the clinical spectrum and differentiation from epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006 Nov;47(11):1775–91. (PubMed PMID: 17116016. Epub 2006/11/23. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Guilleminault C, Leger D, Philip P, Ohayon MM. Nocturnal wandering and violence: review of a sleep clinic population. J Forensic Sci. 1998 Jan;43(1):158–63. (PubMed PMID: 9456536. Epub 1998/02/11. eng.)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Nobili L. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy and non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias: differences and similarities. Sleep Med Rev. 2007 Aug;11(4):251–4. (PubMed PMID: 17628315. Epub 2007/07/14. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Silvestri R, Bromfield E. Recurrent nightmares and disorders of arousal in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res Bull. 2004 Jun 30;63(5):369–76. (PubMed PMID: 15245763)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Oldani A, Zucconi M, Asselta R, Modugno M, Bonati MT, Dalpra L, et al. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. A video-polysomnographic and genetic appraisal of 40 patients and delineation of the epileptic syndrome. Brain. 1998 Feb;121(Pt 2):205–23. (PubMed PMID: 9549500. Epub 1998/04/29. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Mai R, Sartori I, Francione S, Tassi L, Castana L, Cardinale F, et al. Sleep-related hyperkinetic seizures: always a frontal onset? Neurol Sci. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl 3:s220–4. (PubMed PMID: 16331400)

    Google Scholar 

  122. Nobili L, Cossu M, Mai R, Tassi L, Cardinale F, Castana L, et al. Sleep-related hyperkinetic seizures of temporal lobe origin. Neurology. 2004 Feb 10;62(3):482–5. (PubMed PMID: 14872038)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Ryvlin P, Minotti L, Demarquay G, Hirsch E, Arzimanoglou A, Hoffman D, et al. Nocturnal hypermotor seizures, suggesting frontal lobe epilepsy, can originate in the insula. Epilepsia. 2006 Apr;47(4):755–65. (PubMed PMID: 16650142. Epub 2006/05/03. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Terzaghi M, Sartori I, Mai R, Tassi L, Francione S, Cardinale F, et al. Sleep-related minor motor events in nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007 Feb;48(2):335–41. (PubMed PMID: 17295628. Epub 2007/02/14. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Tinuper P, Provini F, Bisulli F, Lugaresi E. Hyperkinetic manifestations in nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Semeiological features and physiopathological hypothesis. Neurol Sci. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl 3:s210–4. (PubMed PMID: 16331398. Epub 2005/12/07. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Combi R, Dalpra L, Tenchini ML, Ferini-Strambi L. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy—a critical overview. J Neurol. 2004 Aug;251(8):923–34. (PubMed PMID: 15316796. Epub 2004/08/19. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Provini F, Montagna P, Plazzi G, Lugaresi E. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: a wide spectrum of seizures. Mov Disord. 2000 Nov;15(6):1264. (PubMed PMID: 11104218. Epub 2000/12/05. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Zucconi M, Oldani A, Ferini-Strambi L, Bizzozero D, Smirne S. Nocturnal paroxysmal arousals with motor behaviors during sleep: frontal lobe epilepsy or parasomnia? J Clin Neurophysiol. 1997 Nov;14(6):513–22. (PubMed PMID: 9458058. Epub 1998/02/11. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Tai P, Poochikian-Sarkissian S, Andrade D, Valiante T, del Campo M, Wennberg R. Postictal wandering is common after temporal lobe seizures. Neurology. 2010 Mar 16;74(11):932–3. (PubMed PMID: 20231671. Epub 2010/03/17. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Plazzi G, Vetrugno R, Provini F, Montagna P. Sleepwalking and other ambulatory behaviours during sleep. Neurol Sci. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl 3:s193–8. (PubMed PMID: 16331395. Epub 2005/12/07. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Nobili L, Francione S, Cardinale F, Lo Russo G. Epileptic nocturnal wanderings with a temporal lobe origin: a stereo-electroencephalographic study. Sleep. 2002 Sep 15;25(6):669–71. (PubMed PMID: 12224845)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Vignatelli L, Bisulli F, Provini F, Naldi I, Pittau F, Zaniboni A, et al. Interobserver reliability of video recording in the diagnosis of nocturnal frontal lobe seizures. Epilepsia. 2007 Aug;48(8):1506–11. (PubMed PMID: 17484750)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Vignatelli L, Bisulli F, Naldi I, Ferioli S, Pittau F, Provini F, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness and subjective sleep quality in patients with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: a case-control study. Epilepsia. 2006;47 Suppl 5:73–7. (PubMed PMID: 17239111. Epub 2007/01/24. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Derry CP, Davey M, Johns M, Kron K, Glencross D, Marini C, et al. Distinguishing sleep disorders from seizures: diagnosing bumps in the night. Arch Neurol. 2006 May;63(5):705–9. (PubMed PMID: 16682539)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Manni R, Terzaghi M, Repetto A. The FLEP scale in diagnosing nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, NREM and REM parasomnias: data from a tertiary sleep and epilepsy unit. Epilepsia. 2008 Sep;49(9):1581–5. (PubMed PMID: 18410366. Epub 2008/04/16. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Woody RC. Home videorecording of “spells” in children. Pediatrics. 1985 Oct;76(4):612–3. (PubMed PMID: 4047806)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Sheth RD, Bodensteiner JB. Effective utilization of home-video recordings for the evaluation of paroxysmal events in pediatrics. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1994 Oct;33(10):578–82. (PubMed PMID: 7813135)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Sartori S, Vecchi M, Toldo I, Boniver C, Dalla Bernardina B, Maria Laverda A. Benign nocturnal alternating hemiplegia of childhood: the first clinical report with paroxysmal events home-video recordings. Mov Disord. 2008 Aug 15;23(11):1605–8. (PubMed PMID: 18618665. Epub 2008/07/12. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Stephenson J, Breningstall G, Steer C, Kirkpatrick M, Horrocks I, Nechay A, et al. Anoxic-epileptic seizures: home video recordings of epileptic seizures induced by syncopes. Epileptic Disord. 2004 Mar;6(1):15–9. (PubMed PMID: 15075063. Epub 2004/04/13. eng.)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Beun AM, Gutter T, Overweg J. Home EEG and video monitoring in epilepsy: first experiences. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1994 Aug;96(3):257–60. (PubMed PMID: 7988097. Epub 1994/08/01. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Stiasny-Kolster K, Mayer G, Schafer S, Moller JC, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Oertel WH. The REM sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire—a new diagnostic instrument. Mov Disord. 2007 Dec;22(16):2386–93. (PubMed PMID: 17894337. Epub 2007/09/27. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Naismith SL, Rogers NL, Mackenzie J, Hickie IB, Lewis SJ. The relationship between actigraphically defined sleep disturbance and REM sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010 Jun;112(5):420–3. (PubMed PMID: 20303647. Epub 2010/03/23. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Miyamoto T, Miyamoto M, Iwanami M, Kobayashi M, Nakamura M, Inoue Y, et al. The REM sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire: validation study of a Japanese version. Sleep Med. 2009 Dec;10(10):1151–4. (PubMed PMID: 19604719. Epub 2009/07/17. eng.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Nomura T, Inoue Y, Kagimura T, Uemura Y, Nakashima K. Utility of the REM sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire (RBDSQ) in Parkinson’s disease patients. Sleep Med. 2011 Aug;12(7):711–3. (PubMed PMID: 21700495)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, MSC10 5620, One University of NM, 87131-0001, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Madeleine M. Grigg-Damberger MD

  2. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, 1101 Medical Arts Ave., ND, Bldg. #2, 87102, Albuquerque, NM, USA

    Frank M. Ralls MD

Authors
  1. Madeleine M. Grigg-Damberger MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frank M. Ralls MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Madeleine M. Grigg-Damberger MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard Medical School, Associate Professor, Department of Neuro, Boston Children's Hospital, Longwood Avenue 300, Boston, 02115, Massachusetts, USA

    Sanjeev V. Kothare

  2. Feinberg School of Medicine, Alexian Brothers Medical Center, Northwestern University, Biesterfield Road 800, Elk Grove Village, 60007, Illinois, USA

    Anna Ivanenko

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grigg-Damberger, M., Ralls, F. (2013). Diagnosing Parasomnias. In: Kothare, S., Ivanenko, A. (eds) Parasomnias. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7627-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7627-6_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7626-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7627-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation