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Wild Salmonids in the Urban Environment: Lethal and Sublethal Effects

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Wild Salmonids in the Urbanizing Pacific Northwest

Abstract

Pacific Northwest salmonid populations have decreased in watersheds where a large proportion of the land is urbanized. Between the 1940s and 1990s, salmon abundance declines were greater in Puget Sound, Washington basins with higher urbanization rates than in basins with less urbanization (Moscrip and Montgomery 1997). Also in the Puget Sound region, the presence of coho salmon at urbanized sites declined by 75 % between 1986 and 2001 (Bilby and Mollot 2008). Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) abundance also declined on lands converted to urban uses between 1984 and 1998 in the Snohomish River basin (Pess et al. 2002). Productivity was lowest in sub-watersheds with more urban land cover for 22 spring-summer Chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon populations in eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, and Idaho (Regetz 2003). Similarly, the percent of fish assemblages composed of salmonids was lower in highly urbanized areas in western Oregon’s Willamette Valley (Waite et al. 2008).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Bioaccumulation can occur as prey species that have consumed and retained toxic compounds are subsequently consumed by predators that store toxic compounds at even higher tissue concentrations. Lipid-soluble substances tend to bioaccumulate; whereas, water-soluble contaminants generally do not. However, some metals (e.g., mercury) and most organic chemicals have the potential to bioaccumulate. Through this process, contaminant concentrations can increase in a predator’s tissues well beyond concentrations measured in surrounding waters or sediments, with the highest concentrations and most severe biological effects found in top predators. The level of exposure depends on how concentrated contaminants are in the water, sediments, and prey, and the volume of each that associates with the predator (e.g., food abundance or gill water contact).

  2. 2.

    DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) is an organochlorine insecticide once used extensively in North America but its manufacturing and use is now banned in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. However, DDT and its main breakdown products DDE (dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene) and DDD dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane still persist in aquatic sediments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Kathleen G. Maas-Hebner

  2. Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Robert M. Hughes

  3. Oregon Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Carl B. Schreck

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  1. Kathleen G. Maas-Hebner
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Correspondence to Kathleen G. Maas-Hebner .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA

    J. Alan Yeakley

  2. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    Kathleen G. Maas-Hebner

  3. Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    Robert M. Hughes

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Maas-Hebner, K.G., Hughes, R.M., Schreck, C.B. (2014). Wild Salmonids in the Urban Environment: Lethal and Sublethal Effects. In: Yeakley, J., Maas-Hebner, K., Hughes, R. (eds) Wild Salmonids in the Urbanizing Pacific Northwest. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8818-7_12

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