Abstract
Because of a number of geometrical shading factors, such as the eyelids and brow ridge, the human eye is actually exposed to a very small fraction of incident ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The retina is exposed to visible light and some IR-A radiant energy within an imaged scene. These geometrical and imaging factors challenge the task of attempting to accurately measure the photobiologically significant exposure of the cornea, lens and retina to ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation.
The lid opening varies with ambient scene luminance (brightness). It is possible to mathematically predict the opening of the lids and the angular field-of-view from our studies of lid opening. This aids in setting the field-of-view of measurement instruments designed to measure the UVR exposure dose to the cornea and lens. We have measured the UV exposure to the anterior segment of the eye as would occur when a person wears different types of sunglasses. The exposure is greatly affected by the type of sunglass frame and partially to the UV transmittance of the sunglass lenses. In some instances, UV exposures of some specific ocular tissues can actually equal or exceed those when not wearing sunglasses.
The light exposure to the retina is not at all uniform in outdoor daylight conditions. The central and superior regions of the retina receive much more light than the inferior retina. Thus instrumentation should simulate these geometrical factors.
Instrumentation designed to determine the photobiological dose to ocular tissues must therefore have acceptance field-of-views that mimic those of the human eye.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ACGIH, Documentation for the Threshold Limit Values 4th Edn, Cincinnati: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1992.
Airey DK, Wong JCF, Fleming RA, A comparison of human- and headform -based measurements of solar ultraviolet B dose, Photodermatol, Photoimmunol, Photomed, 1995; 11: 155–158.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) TLV’s, Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1999, Cincinnati: ACGIH, 1999.
CIE, Erythemal reference action spectrum and standard erythemal dose, CIE Standard S007-1998, Vienna: CIE, 1998; also available as ISO 17166, 1999.
CIE, Standardization of the terms UV-A1, UV-A2 and UV-B, Report CIE-134/1, Vienna: CIE, 1999.
Challoner AVJ, Corless D, Davies A, et al, Personnel monitoring of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, Clin Exp Dermatol 1976; 1:175–179.
Cogan, DG, Kinsey, VE, Action Spectrum of Keratitis Produced by Ultraviolet Radiation Arch Ophthalmol 1946; 35:617–670.
Coroneo, MT, Müller-Stolzenburg, NW Ho, A, Peripheral light focusing by the anterior eye and the ophthalmohelioses, Ophthalmic Surg 1991; 22:705–711.
Coroneo, MT, Pterygium as an early indicator of ultraviolet insolation: an hypothesis, Brit J. Ophthalmol 1993;, 77:734–739.
Davis A, Deane GHW, Diffey BL. Possible dosimeter for ultraviolet radiation. Nature 1976; 261: 169–170.
Deaver DM, Davis J and Sliney DH, Vertical visual fields-of-view in outdoor daylight, Lasers Light Ophthalmol, 1996; 7(2/3): 121–125.
Diffey BL. Ultraviolet radiation dosimetry with polysulphone film. In: Diffey, BL, ed. Radiation Measurement in Photobiology. London: Academic Press, 1989:135–139.
Diffey BL, Tate TJ, Davies A., Solar dosimetry of the face: the relationship of natural ultraviolet radiation exposure to basal cell carcinoma localisation, 1979, Phys Med Biol, 1979; 24:931–939.
Diffey BL. Kerwin M, Davies A, The anatomical distribution of sunlight, Br. J. Derm. 1977; 7:407–409.
Dolin, PJ, Ultraviolet radiation and cataract: A review of the epidemiological evidence, Br J Ophthalmol, 1994; 78:478–482 and reprinted in Optometry Today Nov/Dec 1997.
Duchêne, AS, Lakey, JRA, and Repacholi, MH, IRPA Guidelines on Protection against Non-Ionizing Radiation, New York: McMillan 1991.
Gies HP, Roy CR, Toomey S, MacLennan R, Watson M, Solar UVR exposures of three groups of outdoor workers on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Photochem. Photobiol., 1995; 62:1015–1021.
Ham, WT Jr., The photopathology and nature of the blue-light and near-UV retinal lesion produced by lasers and other optical sources In: Wolbarsht, ML, ed, Laser Applications in Medicine and Biology, New York: Plenum Publishing Corp, 1983.
Ham, WT, Mueller, HA, Ruffolo, JJ, Guerry, D III, Guerry, RK, Action spectrum for retinal injury from near ultraviolet radiation in the aphakic monkey, Am J Ophthalmol, 1982; 93(3): 299–306.
Horneck G, Rettberg P, Rabbow E, Strauch W, Seckmeyer G, Facius R, Reitz G, Strauch K, Schott JU, Biological dosimetry of solar radiation for different simulated ozone column thickness. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B:Biol, 1996; 32:189–196.
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Guidelines on UV Radiation Exposure Limits, Health Physics, 1996; 71(6):978.
Klein, BEK, Klein, R, and Linton, KLP, Prevalence of age-related lens opacities in a population, the Beaver Dam Eye Study, Ophthalmology, 1992; 44(4):546–522.
Larko O, Diffey BL, Natural UV-B radiation received by people with outdoor, indoor, and mixed occupations and UV-B treatment of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol, 1983; 8:279–285.
Munakata N, Kazadzis S, Bais A F, Hieda K, Rontó G, Rettberg P, Horneck G, Comparisons of spore dosimetry and spectral photometry of solar UV radiation at four sites in Japan and Europe, Photochem. Photobiol., 2000; 72:739–745.
Pitts, D.G., The human ultraviolet action spectrum Am J Optom Physiol Optics, 1974; 51(12):946–960.
Pitts, DG, Cullen, AP, Hacker, PD, Ocular effects of ultraviolet radiation from 295 to 365 nm, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1977; 16(10): 932–939.
Quintern LE, Furusawa Y, Fukutsu K, Holtschmidt H. Characterization and application of UV detector spore films: the sensitivity curve of a new detector system provides good similarity to the action spectrum for UV-induced erythema in human skin. J Photochem Photobiol 1997; 37: 158–166.
Ringvold, A, Damage to the cornea epithelium caused by ultraviolet radiation, Acta Ophthalmologica, 1983; 61:898–907.
Rontó Gy, Gáspár S, Bérces A, Phage T7 in biological UV dose measurement. J Photochem Photobiol 1992; 12: 285–294.
Rontó Gy, Gáspár S, Gróf P, Bérces A, Gugolya Z. Ultraviolet dosimetry in outdoor measurements based on bacteriophage T7 as a biosensor. Photochem Photobiol 1994; 59: 209–214.
Sasaki K, Sasaki H, Kojima M, Shui YB. Hockwin O, Jonasson F, Cheng HM, Ono M, Katoh N. Epidemiological studies on UV-related cataract in climatically different countries. J Epidemiol (Japan), 1999; 9:S33–S38.
Sliney DH. Eye protective techniques for bright light. Ophthalmology 1983; 90(8):937–944.
Sliney DH, Estimating the solar ultraviolet radiation exposure to an intraocular lens implant, J Cataract Refract Surg 1987; 13:296–301.
Sliney DH, Ultraviolet radiation exposure criteria, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2000; 91(l–3):213–222.
Sliney, DH, Physical factors in cataractogenesis: ambient ultraviolet radiation and temperature, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1986; 27(5):781–790.
Sliney DH, UV radiation ocular exposure dosimetry; J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol 1995; 31: 69–77.
Sliney, DH, Krueger, RR, Trokel, SL, Rappaport, KD, Photokeratitis from 193-nm argon-fluoride laser radiation, Photochem Photobiol 1991; 53(6):739–744.
Sliney, DH, Geometrical gradients in the distribution of temperature and absorbed ultraviolet radiation in ocular tissues, Doc. Ophthalmol 2001 (In press).
Sliney, DH, The merits of an envelope action spectrum for ultraviolet radiation exposure criteria Amer Industr Hyg Assn J 1972; 33(10): 646–653.
Sliney, DH, and Matthes, R (Eds), The Measurement of Optical Radiation Hazards, ICNIRP Publication 6/98; CIE Publication CIE-x016–1998, ICNIRP: Munich and CIE: Vienna, 1999.
Sliney, DH, Wolbarsht, ML, Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources, New York: Plenum Publishing Corp, 1980.
Taylor H.R., Pterygium, Amsterdam: Kugler, 2000.
Taylor HR, West SK, Rosenthal FS, Munoz B, Newland HS, Abbey H, Emmett SK, Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation. New Engl J. Med 1989; 319:1429–1433.
World Health Organization, The Effects of Solar UV Radiation on the Eye, Report of an Informal Consultation, Geneva, August — September 1993, 1995 Publication WHO/PBL/EHG/94.1, Program for the Prevention of Blindness, Geneve: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (WHO), Environmental health Criteria No. 160, Ultraviolet Radiation, Joint Publication of the United Nations Environmental Program, The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and the World Health Organization, Geneva: WHO, 1994.
Wulf, H.C., Effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun on the Inuit population, In: Petursdottir G, Sigurdsson SB, Karlsson MM, Axelsson J, eds, Circumpolar Health’93 Arctic Medical Research 1994; 53: 416–422.
Zuclich, JA, Ultraviolet-induced photochemical damage in ocular tissues, Health Physics 1989; 56(5):671–682.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sliney, D.H. (2002). Measurement of Photobiological Exposure of Ocular Tissues. In: Holick, M.F. (eds) Biologic Effects of Light 2001. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0937-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0937-0_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5313-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0937-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive