Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Developments in Oncology ((DION,volume 73))

Abstract

Women diagnosed with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) consistently have a better prognosis than men with this disease [1–3]. However, early case reports suggested that melanomas associated with pregnancy followed a more aggressive course and were rapidly fatal [4]. These reports led physicians in 1954 to recommend more aggressive treatment for pregnant women with melanoma, including termination of early pregnancy if a melanoma was diagnosed, and sterilization after diagnosis to prevent future pregnancies [5]. Despite subsequent studies using numerous diverse methods with results that showed little or no effect of pregnancy on survival from melanoma, controversy continued over the effect of pregnancy on this cancer [6]. A review of eleven studies conducted between 1960 and 1984 concluded that there were relatively few deleterious effects of pregnancy on the survival of the majority of women who have been diagnosed with melanoma [7], and this report updates and expands that review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Shaw HM, McGovern VJ, Milton GW, et al. Histologic features of tumors and the female superiority in survival from malignant melanoma. Cancer 1980;45:1604–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Blois MS, Sagebiel RW, Abarbanel RM, et al. Malignant melanoma of the skin: I. The association of tumor depth and type, and patient sex, age, and site with survival. Cancer 1983;52:1330–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Karjalainen S, Hakulinen T. Survival and prognostic factors of patients with skin melanoma. A regression-model analysis based on nationwide cancer registry data. Cancer 1988;62:2274–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pack GT, Scharnagel IM. The prognosis for malignant melanoma in the pregnant woman. Cancer 1951;4:324–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Byrd BF, McGanity WJ. The effect of pregnancy on the clinical course of malignant melanoma. South Med J 1954;47:196–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wong JH, Sterns EE, Kopald KH, et al. Prognostic significance of pregnancy in stage I melanoma. Arch Surg 1989; 124:1227–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Holly EA. Melanoma and pregnancy. Recent Results Cancer Res 1986;102:118–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ries LAG, Hankey BF, Miller BA, et al. Cancer statistics review 1973–1988. National Cancer Institute, 1991. (NIH Pub. No. 91–2789)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Heenan PJ, English DR, Holman CDJ, et al. Survival among patients with clinical stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma diagnosed in Western Australia in 1975/1976 and 1980/1981. Cancer 1991;68:2079–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Shaw HM, Milton GW, Farago G, et al. Endocrine influences on survival from malignant melanoma. Cancer 1978;42:669–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rampen FHJ. Sex differences in survival from cutaneous melanoma. Int J Dermatol 1984;23:444–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Karakousis CP, Emrich LJ, Rao U. Tumor thickness and prognosis in clinical stage I malignant melanoma. Cancer 1989;64:1432–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Foucar E, Bentley TJ, Laube DW, et al. A histopathologic evaluation of nevocellular nevi in pregnancy. Arch Derm 1985;121:350–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ellis DL. Pregnancy and sex steroid hormone effects on nevi of patients with the dysplastic nevus syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:467–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ances IG, Pomerantz SH. Serum concentrations of â-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 119:1062–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ellis DL, Nanney LB, King Jr LE. Increased epidermal growth factor receptors in seborrheic kératoses and acrochordons of patients with the dysplastic nevus syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:1070–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Moretti S, Lammers PI, Kwaspen FHL, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression is associated with tumor progression in human melanocytic lesions. J Invest Dermatol 1989;92:485.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lopez RE, Bhakoo H, Paolini NS, et al. Effect of estrogen on the growth of B-16 melanoma. Surg Forum 1978;29:153–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ellis DL, Wheeland RG. Increased nevus estrogen and progesterone ligand binding related to oral contraceptives or pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:25–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ellis DL, Wheeland RG, Solomon H. Estrogen and progesterone receptors in melanocytic lesions. Occurrence in patients with dysplastic nevus syndrome. Arch Derm 1985;121:1282–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Neifeld JP, Lippman ME. Steroid hormone receptors and melanoma. Journal of Investigate Dermatology 1980;74:379–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Grill H, Benes P, Manz B, et al. Steroid hormone receptor analysis in human melanoma and non-malignant human skin. Br J Dermatol 1982;107:64–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sutherland CM, Loutfi A, Mather FJ, et al. Effect of pregnancy upon malignant melanoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983;157:443–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Flowers JL, Seigler HF, McCarty Sr KS, et al. Absence of estrogen receptor in human melanoma as evaluated by a monoclonal antiestrogen receptor antibody. Arch Derm 1987;123:764–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lecavalier MA, From L, Gaid N. Absence of estrogen receptors in dysplastic nevi and malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:242–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Holly EA, Weiss NS, Liff JM. Cutaneous melanoma in relation to exogenous hormones and reproductive factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;70:827–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gallagher RP, Elwood JM, Hill GB, et al. Reproductive factors, oral contraceptives and risk of malignant melanoma: Western Canada melanoma study. Br J Cancer 1985;52:901–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wyshak G, Frisch RE, Albright NL, et al. Reproductive factors and melanoma of the skin among women. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:527–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Osterlind A, Tucker MA, Stone BJ, et al. The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. III. Hormonal and reproductive factors in women. Int J Cancer 1988;42:821–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zanetti R, Franceschi S, Rosso S, et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in females: The role of hormonal and reproductive factors. Int J Epidemiol 1990;19:522–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Brinton LA, Melton III LJ, Malkasian Jr GD, et al. Cancer risk after evaluation for infertility. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:712–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Beral V, Ramcharan S, Faris R. Malignant melanoma and oral contraceptive use among women in California. Br J Cancer 1977;36:804–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bain C, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE, et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignant melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;68:537–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Beral V, Evans S, Shaw H, et al. Oral contraceptive use and malignant melanoma in Australia. Br J Cancer 1984;50:681–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lê MG, Cabanes PA, Desvignes V, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in a case-control study of French women. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3:199–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Green A, Bain C. Hormonal factors and melanoma in women. Med J Aust 1985;142:446–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Adami H-O, Persson I, Hoover R, et al. Risk of cancer in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Int J Cancer 1989;44:833–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Franceschi S, Barn AE, La Vecchia C. The influence of female hormones on malignant melanoma. Tumori 1990;76:439–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. George PA, Fortner JG, Pack GT. Melanoma with pregnancy: A report of 115 cases. Cancer 1960;13:854–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. McManamny DS, Moss ALH, Pocock PV, et al. Melanoma and pregnancy: a long-term follow-up. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:1419–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. White LP, Linden G, Breslow L, et al. Studies on melanoma: The effect of pregnancy on survival in human melanoma. JAMA 1961;177:235–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Colburn DS, Nathanson L, Belilos E. Pregnancy and malignant melanoma. Semin Oncol 1989;16:377–87.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lee JAH, Hill GB. Marriage and fatal malignant melanoma in females. Am J Epidemiol 1970;91:48–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Weiss NS, Flannery JT. The relationship of marital status to survival from melanoma. Cancer 1978;42:296–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hersey P, Morgan G, Stone DE, et al. Previous pregnancy as a protective factor against death from melanoma. Lancet 1977; 1:451–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Elwood JM, Coldman AJ. Previous pregnancy and melanoma prognosis. Lancet 1978;2:1000–1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lederman JS, Sober AJ. Effect of prior pregnancy on melanoma survival. Arch Derm 1985;121:716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Shiu MH, Schottenfeld D, Maclean B, et al. Adverse effect of pregnancy on melanoma. Cancer 1976;37:181–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rampen FHJ, Mulder JH. Malignant melanoma: An androgen-depdendent tumour? Lancet 1980; 1:562–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Houghton AN, Flannery J, Viola MV. Malignant melanoma of the skin occurring during pregnancy. Cancer 1981;48:407–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Reintgen DS, McCarty KS, Vollmer R, et al. Malignant melanoma and pregnancy. Cancer 1985;55:1340–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Slingluff CL, Reintgen DS, Vollmer RT, et al. Malignant melanoma arising during pregnancy: A study of 100 patients. Ann Surg 1990;211:552–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. MacKie RM, Bufalino R, Morabito A, et al. Lack of effect of pregnancy on outcome of melanoma. Lancet 1991;337:653–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Berdeaux DH, Meyskens FL, Parks B, et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma: II. The natural history and prognostic factors influencing the development of stage II disease. Cancer 1989;63:1430–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Shaw JHF. Malignant melanoma in Auckland, New Zealand. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988;166:425–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Walsted A, Thomsen J, Nielsen PL. Two malignant melanomas in skin and tonsil during consecutive pregnancies. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:780–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wong DJ, Strassner HT. Melanoma in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1990;33:782–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ho VC, Sober AJ. Therapy for cutaneous melanoma: An update. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990,22:159–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Holly, E.A., Cress, R.D. (1994). Melanoma and pregnancy. In: Gallagher, R.P., Elwood, J.M. (eds) Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Developments in Oncology, vol 73. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2626-1_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2626-1_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6126-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2626-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics