Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Clinician Looks at the Tearfilm

  • Chapter
Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes 2

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 438))

Abstract

Today as we open the Second International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes, I want us to let go of preconceived ideas, long-held dogma, and bias and to look to the future as we pursue basic knowledge about pathophysiology and regulation of the lacrimal and meibomian glands and the ocular surface, the causes of dry eye, and new treatments. Remember, the reason we are pursuing this knowledge is to help those who suffer from dry eye, our patients, and, perhaps, someday offer a cure for each of the different types of dry eye.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Lemp MA. Report of the National Eye Institute/Industry Workshop on Clinical Trials in Dry Eyes. CLAO J. 1995; 21: 221–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Serrander A-M, Peek K. Changes in contact lens comfort related to the menstrual cycle and menopause: A review of articles. JAm Optom Assoc. 1993; 64: 162–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Brennan N, Efrom N. Sumptomatology of HEMA contact lens wear. Optom Vis Sci. 1989; 66: 834–838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Verbeck B. Augenbefunde and Soffwechselverhalten bei Einnahme von Ovulationshenunem. Klin Monatsbi Augenheilkd. 1973; 162: 612–621.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Zumoff B, Rosenfeld R, Strain G, Levin J, Fukushima D. Sex differences in twenty-four mean plasma concentrations of dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA) and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) and the DHA to DHS ratio in normal adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 1980; 51: 330–333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Azzarolo A, Mazaheri A, Mircheff A, Warren D. Sex-dependent parameters related to electrolyte, water and glycoprotein secretion in rabbit lacrimal glands. Curr Eye Res. 1993; 12: 795–802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sullivan D, Allansmith M. The effect of aging on the secretory immune system of the eye. Immunology. 1988; 63: 403–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rocha F, Wickham L, Pena J, et al. Influence of gender and the endocrine environment on the distribution of androgen receptors in the lacrimal gland. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993; 46: 737–749.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sullivan D, Allansmith M. Hormonal influence on the secretory immune system of the eye: Endocrine interactions in the control of IgA and secretory component levels in tears of rats. Immunology. 1987; 60: 337–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Vendramini A, Soo C, Sullivan D. Testosterone-induced suppression of autoimmune disease in lacrimal tissue of a mouse model (NZB/NZW Fl) of Sjögren’s syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991; 32: 3002–3006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sato E, Sullivan D. Comparative influence of steroid hormones and immunosuppressive agents on autoimmune expression in lacrimal glands of a female mouse model of Sjögren’s syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35: 2632–2642.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Azzarolo A, Bjerrum K, Mayes C, et al. Hypophysectomy-induced regression of female rat lacrimal glands: Partial restoration and maintenance by dihydrotestosterone and prolactin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36: 216–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Azzarolo A, Kaswan R, Mircheff A, Warren D. Androgen prevention of lacrimal gland regression after ovarianectomy of rabbits. ARVO Abstracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.. 1994; 35: S1793.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Mircheff AK, Warren DW, Wood RL, Tortoriello PJ, Kaswan RI. Prolactin localization, binding, and effects on peroxidase release in rat exorbital lacrimal gland Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992; 33: 641–650.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Markoff E, Lee D, Fellows JL, Nelson J, Frey WI. Human lacrimal glands synthesize and release prolactin. Endocrinol 1995; 152 (Suppl): 440A.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang J, Whang G, Gierow J, Warren D, Mircheff A, Wood R. Prolactin receptors are present in rabbit lacrimal gland. ARVO Abstracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36: 5991.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Zhang J, Yang T, Platler B, Kuda A, Mircheff A, Wood R. Endocytosis and degradation of prolactin by reconstituted lacrimal acini. ARVO Abstracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37: S856.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Carlsten H, Tarkowski A, Holmdahl R, Nilsson L. Oestrogen is a potent disease accelerator in SLE-prone MRL 1pr/lpr mice. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990; 80: 467–473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ahmed S, Aufdemorte T, Chen J, Montoya A, Olive D, Talai N. Estrogen induces the development of autoantibodies and promotes salivary gland lymphoid infiltrates in normal mice. J Autoimmun. 1989; 2: 543–552.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mamalis N, Harrison D, Hiura G, et al. Dry eyes and testosterone deficiency in women. American Academy of Ophthalmology meeting, Chicago, 1996: 132.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Xu G, Shang H, Zhu F. Measurement of serum testosterone level in female patients with dry eye. Proceedings of the International Congress of Ophthalmology, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lahita R, Bradlow H, Ginzler E, Pang S, New M. Low plasma androgens in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1987; 30: 241–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lavalle C, Loyo E, Paniagua R, et al. Correlation study between prolactin and androgens in male patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1987; 14: 268–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ariga H, Edwards J, Sullivan D. Androgen control of autoimmune expression in lacrimal glands of MRL/Mp-Ipr/lpr mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1989; 53: 499–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sullivan D, Wickham L, Toda I, Gao J. Identification of androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptor mRNAs in rat, rabbit, and human ocular tissues. ARVO Abstracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 35: S651.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Dartt D, Baker A, Vaillant C, Rose P. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stimulation of protein secretion from rat exorbital lacrimal gland acini. Am J Physiol. 1984; 247: G502 - G509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nikkinen A, Lehtosalo J, Uusitalo H, Palkama A, Panula P. The lacrimal glands of the rat and guinea pig are innervated by nerve fibers containing immunoreactivities for substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Histochemistry. 1984; 81: 23–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Walcott B, Sibony P, Keyser K. Neuropeptides and the innervation of the avian lacrimal gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989; 30: 1666–1674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Matsumoto Y, Tanabe T, Ueda S, Kawata M. Immunohistochemical and enzymehistochemical studies of peptidergic, aminergic, and cholinergic innervation of the lacrimal gland of the monkey (Macaca fuscata). JAuton New Syst. 1991; 37: 207–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Cripps M, Bennett D. Proenkephalin A derivatives in lacrimal gland: Occurrence and regulation of lacrimal function. Exp Eye Res. 1992; 54: 829–834.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Singh J, Adeghate E, Burrows S, Howarth F, Donath T. Protein secretion and the identification of neurotransmitters in the isolated pig lacrimal gland. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1994; 350: 57–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Williams R, Singh J, Sharkey K. Innervation and mast cells of the rat lacrimal gland: The effects of age. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1994; 350: 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Dartt D. Physiology of tear production. In: Lemp M, Marquardt R, eds. The Dry Eye. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1992: 65–99.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Konttinen Y, Sorsa T, Hukkanen M, et al. Topology of innervation of labial salivary glands by protein gene product 9.5 and synaptophysin immunoreactive nerves in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. JRheumatol. 1992; 19: 30–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kontinen Y, Hukkanen M, Kemppenen P, et al. Peptide-containing nerves in labial salivary glands in Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1992; 35: 815–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Collins S, Hurst S, Main C, et al. Effect of inflammation of enteric nerves: Cytokine-induced changes in neurotransmitter content and release. Ann NYAcad Sci. 1992; 664: 415–424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Main C, Blennerhasset P, Collins S Human recombinant interleukin lß suppresses acetylcholine release from rat myenteric plexus. Gastroenterology. 1993; 104: 1648–1654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cripps M, Patchen-Moor K. Inhibition of stimulated lacrimal secretion by [D-ALa2] metenkephalinamide. Am JPhysiol. 1989; 20: G151 - G156.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Steinemann T, Thompson H, Maroney K, Palmer C, Henderson L, Malter J. Changes in epidermal growth factor receptor and lacrimal gland EGF concentration after corneal wounding. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990(Suppl); 31: 55.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Dam D, McCarthy D, Mercer H, Kessler T, Chung E-H, Zieske J. Localization of nerves adjacent to goblet cells in rat conjunctiva. Curr Eye Res. 1995; 14: 993–1000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kessler T, Mercer H, Zieske J, McCarthy D, Darn D. Stimulation of goblet cell mucous secretion by activation of nerves in rat conjunctiva. Curr Eye Res. 1995; 14: 985–992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Meyer-Bothling U, Bron A, Osborne N. Immunohistochemical evidence for an adrenergic innervation of the rat meibomian glands. ARVO Abstracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35: S1789.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Simons E. Smith P. Sensory and autonomic innervation of the rat eyelid: Neuronal origins and peptide phenotypes. J Chem Neuroanat. 1994; 7: 35–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hartschuh W, Weihe E, Reinecke M. Peptidergic (neurotensin, VIP, substance P) nerve fibers in the skin: Immunohistochemical evidence of an involvement of neuropeptides in nociception, pruritus and inflammation. Br J Dermatol. 1983; 109 (supp125): 14–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Elsas T, Edvinsson L, Sundler F, Uddman R. Neuronal pathways to the rat conjunctiva revealed by retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. Exp Eye Res. 1994; 58: 117–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Luhtala J, Uusitalo H. The distribution and origin of substance P immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat conjunctiva. Exp Eye Res. 1991; 53: 641–646.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Luhtala J, Palkama A, Uusitalo H. Calcitonin gene related peptide immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat conjunctiva. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991; 32: 640–645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Chung C, Tigges M, Stone R. Peptidergic innervation of primate meibomian gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37: 238–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gilbard J, Rossi S, Azar D, Heyda K. Effect of punctal occlusion by Freeman silicone plug insertion on tear osmolarity in dry eye disorders. CLAO J. 1989; 15: 216218.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ohashi Y, Motokura M, Kinoshita Y, Mano T, Watanabe H, Kinoshita S. Presence of epidermal growth factor in tears. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989; 30: 1879–1882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Takashima Y, Takagi H, Reinach P, Takahashi M, Yoshimura N. Detection of ET-I lacrimal gland gene expression and ET-I like immunoreactivity in rabbit tears. ARVO Abstracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35: S1791.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Wilson S, Lloyd S, Kennedy R. Basic fibroblastic growth factor (FGFβ) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) messenger RNA production in human lacrimal gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1991; 32: 2816–2820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. van Setten G, Macauley S, Humphreys-Beher M, Chegini N, Schultz G. Detection of transforming growth factor-α in human tears. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37: 166–173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Yoshino K, Garg R, Monroy D, Zhonghua J, Pflugfelder S. Production and secretion of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) by the human lacrimal gland. Curr Eye Res. 1996; 15: 615–624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Li Q, Weng J, Mohan R, Bennett G, Schwall R, Wang Z-F. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and HGF receptor in lacrimal gland, tears, and cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37: 727–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Liotet S, Glomaud J. Significance of T3 and T4 assays in tears. In: Holly F, ed. The Preocular Tear Film in Health, Disease, and Contact Lens Wear. Lubbock, TX: The Dry Eye Institute; 1986: 792–797.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Ubels J, Rismondo V, Osgood TB. The relationship between secretion of retinol and protein by the lacrimal gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989; 30: 952–960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kokawa N, Sotozono C, Nishida K, Kinoshita S. High total TGF-β2 levels in normal human tears. Curr Eye Res. 1996; 15: 341–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Wood R, Park K-H, Gierow J, Mircheff A. Immunogold localization of prolactin in acinar cells of lacrimal gland. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1994; 350: 75–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lindt G, Cavanagh H. Nuclear muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in corneal cells from rabbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993; 34: 2943–2952.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Colley A, Cavanagh H, Law M. Effects of topical carbamylcholine on corneal epithelial resurfacing. Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol. 1987; 10: 71–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Colley A, Law M, Drake L, Cavanagh H. Activity of DNA and RNA polymerases in resurfacing rabbit corneal epithelium. Curr Eye Res. 1987; 6: 477–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ono M, Huang Z, Wickham L, Gao J, Sullivan D. Analysis of androgen receptors and cytokines in lacrimal glands of a mouse model of Sjögren’s syndrome. ARVO Abstracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35: S1793.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kaura R. Ocular mucus: A hypothesis for its role in the external eye based on physiological considerations and on the properties and functions known to be common with other mucous secretions. In: Holly F, ed. The Preocular Tear Film: In Health, Disease, and Contact Lens Wear. Lubbock, TX: Dry Eye Institute; 1986: 743–747.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Watanabe H, Fabricant M, Tisdale A, Spurr-Michaud S, Lindberg K, Gipson I. Human corneal and conjunctival epithelia produce a mucin-like glycoprotein for the apical surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36: 337–344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Inatomi T, Spurr-Michaud S, Tisdale A, Gipson I. Human corneal and conjunctival epithelia express MUC1 mucin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36: 1818–1827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Feenstra R, Tseng S. What is actually stained by rose bengal? Arch Ophthalmol. 1992; 110: 984–993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Feenstra R, Tseng S. Comparison of fluorescein and rose bengal staining. Ophthalmology. 1992; 99: 605–617.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Prydal J, Artal P, Woon H, Campbell F. Study of human precorneal tear film thickness and structure using laser interferometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992; 33: 2006–2011.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Prydal J, Campbell F. Study of precorneal tear film thickness and structure by interferometry and confocal microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992; 33: 1996–2005.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Role of mucus in gastric mucosal protection. J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991; 42: 147–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Dilly P. Structure and function of the tear film. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1994; 350: 239–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Ophthalmology, HealthPartners-Ramsey Clinic and Healthpartners-St. Paul Ramsey Medical Center, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA

    J. Daniel Nelson

Authors
  1. J. Daniel Nelson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    David A. Sullivan  & Darlene A. Dartt  & 

  2. Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

    Michele A. Meneray

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nelson, J.D. (1998). A Clinician Looks at the Tearfilm. In: Sullivan, D.A., Dartt, D.A., Meneray, M.A. (eds) Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes 2. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 438. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5359-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5359-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7445-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5359-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation