Abstract
Starter cultures are an essential component of all fermented dairy foods including cheese, yoghurt, sour cream and lactic butter. The primary function of these bacteria is the conversion of lactose and other sugars in milk to lactic acid. This acidification contributes to a preservative effect with the result that many pathogenic and spoilage bacteria are inhibited. The associated drop in pH also results in the loss of water from the curd as whey. In addition, starters are responsible for the production of a variety of secondary metabolites, including a number of compounds which are necessary for flavour development.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Benson, K. K. et al. (1996) Effect of ilvBN-encoded acetolactate synthase expression on diacetyl production in Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 45, 107–111.
Commission Directive 94/51/EC of 7 November 1994 adapting to technical progress Council Directive 90/219/EEC on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms. Official Journal of the European Communities, L297, 18/11/94, p. 29.
Commission Directive 94/51/EC of 15 April 1994 adapting to technical progress for the first time Council Directive 90/220/EEC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified micro-organisms. Official Journal of the European Communities, L103, 22/4/94, p. 20.
Davidson, B. E., Kordias, N. et al. (1996) Genomic organisation of lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 70, 161–183.
De Vos, W.M. (1996) Metabolic engineering of sugar metabolism in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 70, 223–242.
Economides, I. (ed.). (1991) Biotechnology R and D in the EC. 28–29.
Froseth, B. R. and McKay, L. L. (1991) Molecular characterisation of the nisin resistance region of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis DRC3. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 804–811.
Garvey, P., van Sinderen, D., et al. (1995) Molecular genetics of bacteriophage and natural phage defence systems in the genus Lactococcus. Int. Dairy Journal. 5, 905–917.
Gasson, M. J. (1983) Plasmid complements of Streptococcus lactis NCDO 712 and other lactic streptococci after protoplast-induced curing. J. Bacteriol. 154, 1–9.
Gasson, M. J. and Fitzgerald, G. F. (1994) Gene transfer systems and transposition. In Genetics and Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria, M. J. Gasson and W. M. de Vos (eds), Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 1–51.
Godon, J.-J., Delorme, C., et al. (1993) Gene inactivation in Lactococcus lactis: branched chain amino acid biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 175, 4383–4390.
Goupil, N., Godon, J.-J., et al. (1996) Imbalance of leucine flux in Lactococcus lactis and its use for the isolation of diacetyl-overproducing strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 2636–2640.
Harrington, A. and Hill, C. (1991) Construction of a bacteriophage-resistant derivative of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 425A by using the conjugal plasmid pNP40. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 3405–3409.
Hill, C. (1993) Bacteriophage and bacteriophage resistance in lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 12, 87–88.
Hugenholtz, J. (1993) Citrate metabolism in lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 12, 165–178.
Jarvis, A. W., Heap, H. A. et al. (1989) Resistance against industrial bacteriophage conferred on lactococci by plasmid pAJ1106 and related plasmids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 1537–1543.
Klaenhammer, T. R., and Sanozsky, R. B. (1985) Conjugal transfer from Streptococcus lactis ME2 of plasmids encoding phage resistance, nisin resistance and lactose-fermenting ability: evidence for a high frequency conjugal plasmid responsible for abortive infection of virulent bacteriophage. J. Gen. Microbiol. 131, 1531–1541.
Kok, J., Van der Vossen, J. M. B. M. and Venema, G. (1984) Construction of plasmid cloning vectors for lactic streptococci which also replicate in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48, 726–731.
Kok, J. (1990) Genetics of the proteolytic system of lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 87, 15–42.
Kondo, J. K. and McKay, L. L. (1982) Transformation of Streptococcus lactis protoplasts by plasmid DNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43, 1213–1215.
Leenhouts, K. J., Kok, J. and Venema, G. (1991) Lactococcal plasmid pWV01 as an integration vector for lactococci. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 2562–2567.
McKay, L. L. and Baldwin K. A. (1975). Plasmid distribution and evidence for a proteinase plasmid in Streptococcus lactis. Appl. Microbiol. 29, 546–548.
Platteeuw, C. et al. (1995) Metabolic engineering of Lactococcus lactis: influence of the overproduction of α-acetolactate synthase in strains deficient in lactate dehydrogenase as a function of culture conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 3967–3971.
Platteeuw, C., van Alen-Boerrigter, I. J. et al. (1996) Food-grade cloning and expression system for Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 1008–1013.
Pot, B., Ludwig, W. et al. (1994) Taxonomy of lactic acid bacteria in Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria (eds. L. de Vuyst and E. J. van Damme) Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, pp. 13–90.
Roberts, R. F., Zottola, E. A. et al. (1992) Use of a nisin-producing starter culture suitable for Cheddar cheese manufacture. J. Dairy Sci. 75, 2353–2363.
Ryan, M. P. et al. (1996) An application in cheddar cheese manufacture for a strain of Lactococcus lactis producing a novel broad-spectrum bacteriocin, Lacticin 3147. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 612–619.
Sanders, M. E. et al. (1986) Conjugal strategy for construction of fast acid-producing, bacteriophage-resistant lactic streptococci for use in dairy fermentations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52, 1001–1007.
Steele, J. L. and McKay L. L. (1986) Partial characterization of the genetic basis for sucrose metabolism and nisin production in Streptococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51, 57–64.
Steenson, L. R. and Klaenhammer, T. R. (1985) Streptococcus cremoris M12R transconjugants 331–345.
Swindell, S. R., Benson, K. H. et al. (1996) Genetic manipulation of the pathway for diacetyl metabolism in Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 2641–2643.
Van der Vossen, J. M. B. M., Kok, J., and Venema, G. (1985) Construction of cloning, promoter-screening and terminator-screening vectors for Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48, 726–731.
Venema, G., Huisin’t Veld et al. (eds) Proc. 5th Symp Lactic Acid Bacteria: Genetics Metabolism and Applications. Veldhoven, The Netherlands 8-12 September 1996.
Verrips, C. T. and van den Berg, D. J. C. Barriers to application of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 70, 299–216.
Wells, J.M., Robinson, K. et al. (1996) Lactic acid bacteria as vaccine delivery vehicles. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 70, 317–330.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hill, C., Ross, R.P. (1998). Starter cultures for the dairy industry. In: Roller, S., Harlander, S. (eds) Genetic Modification in the Food Industry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5815-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5815-6_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7665-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5815-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive