Abstract
1H MRS offers an interesting new noninvasive tool with which to monitor some limited aspects of brain chemistry in man [1]. The application of the method to the elucidation of HE has, in addition to the hoped for ability to demonstrate the central role of glutamine (Gln), provided two new insights into the disease. The first is the possible role of cerebral choline-containing compounds (Cho). This might have been anticipated from the role of liver in glycerophosphate and lipid biosynthesis. The second observation was without precedent and still awaits an explanation: This is the significant occurrence of cerebral myo-inositol (mI) depletion [2].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ross, B.D., R. Kreis, and T. Ernst, Clinical tools for the 90’s: magnetic resonance spectroscopy and metabolite imaging. Eur. J. Radiol, 1992. 14: p. 128–140.
Kreis, R., N.A. Farrow, and B.D. Ross, Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet, 1990. 336: p. 635–6.
Ernst, T., B.D. Ross, and R. Flores, Cerebral MRS in infant with suspected Reye’s syndrome (Lett). Lancet, 1992. 340: p. 486.
Ross, B.D. and T. Michaelis, MR spectroscopy of the brain: Neurospectroscopy, in Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, R.R. Edelman, J.R. Hesselink, andM.I. Zlatkin, Editor. 1996, W. B. Saunders Company: Philadelphia. p. 928–981.
Shulman, R.G., et al., Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of human brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993. 90: p. 3127–3133.
Kanamori, K., et al., Severity of hyperammonemic encephalopathy correlates with brain ammonia level and saturation of glutamine synthetase in vivo. J. Neurochem, 1996. 67: p. 1584–1594.
Kanamori, K. and B.D. Ross, Steady-state in vivo glutamate dehydrogenase activity in rat brain measured by 15N NMR. J. Biol. Chem, 1995. 270(42): p. 24805–809.
Ross, B.D., E.R. Danielsen, and S. Bluml, Proton MRS: The new gold standard for diagnosis of clinical and sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy? Digestive Diseases, 1996. 14(1): p. 30–39.
Kreis, R., T. Ernst, and B.D. Ross, Absolute quantitation of water and metabolites in the human brain. Part II: Metabolite concentrations. J. Magn. Reson, 1993. 102(1): p. 9–19.
Bluml, S., et al. Creatine kinase and free-energy of ATP hydrolysis in normal and diseased human brain. in Proceedings, 4th Society of Magnetic Resonance. 1996. New York:
Bluml, S. and B. Ross, Clinical Application of Quantitative Proton Decoupled 31P MRS in Normal and Diseased Human Brain. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Fifth Scientific Meeting, 1997. (In Press).
Ross, B.D., et al., Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: Proton MR spectroscopic abnormalities. Radiology, 1994. 193: p. 457–463.
Lee, J.H., E. Arcinue, and B.D. Ross, Organic osmolytes in the brain of an infant with hypernatremia. N. Eng. J. Med, 1994. 331(7): p. 439–442.
Videen, J.S., et al., Human cerebral osmolytes during chronic hyponatremia: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J. Clin. Invest, 1995. 95: p. 788–793.
Haussinger, D., et al., Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on human brain myo-inositol in hypoosmolarity and hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology, 1994. 107: p. 1475–1480.
Moats, R.A., et al., Decrease in cerebral inositols in rats and humans. Biochem. J, 1993. 295(1): p. 15–18.
Kanamori, K., B.D. Ross, and J. Tropp, Selective, in vivo observation of [5-15N]glutamine amide protons in rat brain by 1H-15N heteronuclear multiple-quantum-coherence transfer NMR. J. Magn. Reson, 1995. B, 107(2): p. 107–115.
Kanamori, K., B.D. Ross, and E.L. Kuo, Dependence of in vivo glutamine synthetase activity on ammonia concentration in rat brain studied by 1H-15N heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence-transfer NMR. Biochem. J, 1995. 311: p. 681–688.
Bradford, H.F. and H.K. Ward, Glutamine as a metabolic substrate for isolated nerve-endings: Inhibition by ammonium ions. Biochem. Soc. Trans, 1975.: p. 1223–1227.
Kvamme, E. and K. Lenda, Regulation of glutaminase by exogenous glutamate, ammonia and 2-oxoglutarate in synaptosomal enriched preparation from rat brain. Neurochem Res, 1982. 7(6): p. 667–678.
Hamberger, A., B. Hedquist, and B. Nystrom, Ammonium ion inhibition of evoked release of endogenous glutamate from hippocampal slices. J. Neurochem, 1979. 33: p. 1295–1302.
Theoret, Y., et al., Effects of ammonium chloride on synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampal slice. Neurosci, 1985. 14: p. 798–806.
Hindfelt, B., F. Plum, and T.E. Duffy, Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on cerebral metabolism in rats with portacaval shunts. J. Clin. Invest, 1977.59(March): p. 386–396.
Lavoie, J., et al., Amino acid changes in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. J Neurochem, 1987.49: p. 692–697.
Erecinska, M. and I.A. Silver, Metabolism and role of glutamate in mammalian brain. Prog. Neurobiol, 1990. 35: p. 245–296.
Kanamori, K. and B.D. Ross, In vivo activity of glutaminase in the brain of hyperammonaemic rats measured by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochem. J, 1995.305: p. 329–336.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kanamori, K., Bluml, S., Ross, B. (1997). Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Study of Hyperammonemia and Hepatic Encephalopathy. In: Felipo, V., GrisolÃa, S. (eds) Advances in Cirrhosis, Hyperammonemia, and Hepatic Encephalopathy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 420. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5945-0_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5945-0_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7724-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5945-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive