Skip to main content

The Molecular Biology of Pattern Formation in the Early Embryonic Development of Drosophila

  • Chapter
The Molecular Biology of Cell Determination and Cell Differentiation

Part of the book series: Developmental Biology ((DEBO,volume 5))

  • 231 Accesses

Abstract

The techniques of molecular biology have been brought to bear on the mysteries of early development in the hope that new approaches would lead to a clearer understanding of how overt pattern is formed from its invisible antecedents. The molecules involved in pattern formation have been made visible by molecular probes and have been manipulated by mutation, genetic engineering, and injection. In the study of Drosophila development, the key discoveries made using molecular techniques have been heavily dependent on the genetic analyses that provided the molecular biologists with working material. In many ways, genetic studies continue to lead the way, guiding molecular biologists to the genes that matter most.

In spite of ourselves the question is forced upon us whether we must not assume the existence, even in the unsegmented egg, of a quite definite and orderly grouping and distribution of the protoplasmic particles and molecules. C. Rabl (1879)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, M. K., and Kaufman, T. C., 1986. The relationship between the functional complexity and the molecular organization of the antennapedia locus of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 114:919–942.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akam, M. E., 1983, The location of Ultrabithorax transcripts in Drosophila tissue sections, EMBOJ. 2:2075–2084.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akam, M. E., and Martinez-Arias, A., 1985, The distribution of Ultrabithorax transcripts in Drosophila embryos, EMBOJ. 4:1689–1700.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, K. V., and Nusslein-Volhard, C., 1984, Information for the dorsal-ventral pattern of the DrosophiJa embryo is stored as maternal mRNA, Nature (Lond.) 311:223–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, K. V., Bokla, L., and Nusslein-Volhard, C., 1985, Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo: The induction of polarity by the Toll gene product, Cell 42:791–798.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beachy, P. A., Helfand, S. L., and Hogness, D. S., 1985, Segmental distribution of bithorax complex proteins during Drosophila development, Nature (Lond.) 313:545–551.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, W., Akam, M. A., Beachy, P. A., Karch, F., Peifer, M., Lewis, E. B., and Hogness, D. S., 1983, Molecular genetics of the bithorax complex in Drosophila melanogasrer, Science 221:23–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, W., Weiffenbach, B., Karch, F., Peifer, M., 1985, Domains of cis-interaction in the bithorax complex, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50:173–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, M., Turner, F. R., and Kaufman, T. C., 1986, A developmental genetic analysis of the gene Regulator of postbithorax in Drosophila melanogaster, Dev. Biol. 119:418–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boswell, R. E., and Mahowald, A. P., 1985, tudor, a gene required for assembly of the germ plasm in Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 43:97–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera, C. V., Botas, J., and Garcia-Bellido, A., 1985, Distribution of Ultrabithorax proteins in mutants of Drosophila bithorax complex and its transregulatory genes, Nature (Lond.) 318:569–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, S. B., and Scott, M. P., 1985, Localization of the fushi tarazu protein during Drosophila embryogenesis, Cell 43:47–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, S. B., and Scott, M. P., 1986, Zygotically-active genes that affect the spatial expression of the fushi tarazu segmentation gene during early Drosophila embryogenesis, Cell 45:113–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, S. B., Laymon, R. A., McCutcheon, M. A., Riley, P. D., and Scott, M. P., 1986a, Localization and regulation of Antennapedia protein expression in Drosophila embryos, Cell 47:113–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, S. B., Winslow, G. A., Schüpbach, T., and Scott, M. P., 1986b, Maternal control of segmentation genes in Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 323:278–280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denell, R. E., Hummels, K. R., Wakimoto, B. T., and Kaufman, T. C., 1981, Developmental studies of lethality associated with the Antennapedia gene complex in Drosophila melanogaster, Dev. Biol. 81:43–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Degelmann, A., Hardy, P. A., Perrimon, N., and Mahowald, A. P., 1986, Developmental analysis of the torso-like phenotype in Drosophila produced by a maternal effect locus, Dev. Biol. 115:479–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desplan, C., Theis, J., and O’Farrell, P. H., 1985, The Drosophila developmental gene, engrailed, encodes a sequence-specific DNA binding activity, Nature (Lond.) 318:630–635.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Digan, M. E., Haynes, S. R., Mozer, B. A., and Dawid, I., 1986, Genetic and molecular analysis of fs(1)h, a maternal effect homeotic gene in Drosophila, Dev. Biol. 114:161–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiNardo, S., Kuner, J. M., Theis, J., and O’Farrell, P. H., 1985, Development of embryonic pattern in D. meianogaster as revealed by accumulation of the nuclear engrailed protein, Cell 43:59–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, I., 1986, Control of bithorax complex functions by the segmentation gene fushi tarazu of Drosophila meianogaster. Cell 47:297–309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, I. M., 1982, Polycomblike: A gene that appears to be required for the normal expression of the bithorax and Antennapedia gene complexes of Drosophila meianogaster, Genetics 102:49–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, I. M., and Lewis, E. B., 1982, Genetic control of body segment differentiation in Drosophila, in: Developmental Order: Its Origin and Regulation (S. Subtelny, ed.), pp. 533–554, Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dura, J.-M., Brock, H. W., and Santamaria, P., 1985, Polyhomeotic: A gene of Drosophila melanogaster required for correct expression of segmental identity, Mol. Gen. Genet. 198:213–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fjose, A., McGinnis, W. J., and Gehring, W. J., 1985, Isolation of a homeobox-containing gene from the engrailed region of Drosophila and the spatial distribution of its transcript, Nature (Lond.) 313:284–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foe, V. E., and Alberts, B., 1983, Studies of nuclear and cytoplasmic behavior during the five mitotic cycles that precede gastrulation in Drosophila embryogenesis, J. Cell Sci. 61:31–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garber, R. L., Kuroiwa, A., and Gehring, W. J., 1983, Genomic and cDNA clones of the homeotic locus Antennapedia in Drosophila, EMBO J. 2:2027–2034.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehring, W. J., 1986, Homeotic genes and the homeobox, Annu. Rev. Genetics 20:147–173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, J. P., and Wieschaus, E. F., 1985, The localized requirements for a gene affecting segmentation in DrosophiJa: Analysis of larvae mosaic for runt, Dev. Biol. 109:321–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, J. P., and Wieschaus, E., 1986, Dosage requirements for runt in the segmentation of Drosophila embryos, Cell 45:289–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gergen, J. P., Coulter, D., and Wieschaus, E. F., 1986, Segmental pattern and blastoderm cell identities, in: Gametogenesis and the Early Embryo (J. G. Gall, ed.), pp. 195–220, Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafen, E., Kuroiwa, A., and Gehring, W. J., 1984a, Spatial distribution of transcripts from the segmentation gene fushi tarazu of Drosophila, Cell 37:825–831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hafen, E., Levine, M., and Gehring, W. J., 1984b, Regulation of Antennapedia transcript distribution by the bithorax complex in Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 307:287–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, K., Wedeen, C., McGinnis, W., and Levine, M., 1985, Spatially regulated expression of homeotic genes in Drosophila, Science 229:1236–1242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, K., Rushlow, C., Hoyle, H. J., Hoey, T., and Levine, M., 1986, Cross-regulatory interactions among pair-rule genes in Drosophila, Science 233:953–959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartenstein, V., Technau, G. M., and Campos-Ortega, J. A., 1985, Fate-mapping in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. III. A fate map of the blastoderm, Roux Arch. Dev. Biol. 194:213–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, P. H., Sato, T., and Denell, R. E., 1984, Homeosis in Drosophila: The Ultrabithorax larval syndrome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:545–549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazelrigg, T. I., and Kaufman, T. C., 1983, Revertants of dominant mutations associated with the Antennapedia gene complex of Drosophila melanogaster: Cytology and genetics, Genetics 105:581–600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiromi, Y., Kuroiwa, A., and Gehring, W. J., 1985, Control elements of the Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu, Cell 43:603–613.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogness, D. S., Lipshitz, H. D., Beachy, P. A., Peattie, D. A., Saint, R. A., Goldschmidt-Clermont, M., Harte, P. J., Gavis, E. R., and Helfand, S. L., 1985, Regulation and products of the Ubx domain of the bithorax complex, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50:181–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmgren, R., 1984, Cloning sequences from the hairy gene of Drosophila, EMBO J. 3:569–573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, K., and Ingham, P., 1986, Regulatory interactions between the segmentation genes fushi tarazu, hairy, and engrailed in the Drosophila blastoderm, Cell 44:949–957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingham, P. W., 1984, A gene that regulates the bithorax complex differentially in larval and adult cells of Drosophila, Cell 37:815–823.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingham, P., and Whittle, R., 1980, Tnthorax: A new homeotic mutation of Drosophila meJanogaster causing transformants of abdominal and thoracic imaginai segments, Mol. Gen. Genet. 179:607–614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingham, P. W., Howard, K. R., and Ish-Horowicz, D., 1985, Transcription pattern of the Drosophila segmentation gene hairy, Nature (Lond.) 318:439–445.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ish-Horowicz, D., Howard, K. R., Pinchin, S. M., and Ingham, P. W., 1985, Molecular and genetic analysis of the hairy locus in Drosophila, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50:135–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jürgens, G., 1985, A group of genes controlling the spatial expression of the bithorax complex in Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 316:153–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jürgens, G., Wieschaus, E., Nüsslein-Volhard, C., and Kluding, H., 1984, Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Zygotic loci on the third chromosome, Wilhelm Roux Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Org. 193:283–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karch, F., Weiffenbach, B., Peifer, M., Bender, W., Duncan, I., Celniker, S., Crosby, M., and Lewis, E. B., 1985, The abdominal region of the bithorax complex, Cell 43:81–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karr, T. L., and Alberts, B. M., 1986, Organization of the cytoskeleton in early Drosophila embryos, J. Cell Biol. 102:1494–1509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kassis, J. A., Wong, M. L., and O’Farrell, P. H., 1985, Electron microscopic heteroduplex mapping identifies regions of the engrailed locus that are conserved between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis, Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3600–3609.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, T. C., 1978, Cytogenetic analysis of chromosome 3 in Drosophila melanogaster: Isolation and characterization of four new alleles of the proboscipedia (pb) locus, Genetics 90:579–596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, T. C., and Abbott, M. K., 1984, Homoeotic genes and the specification of segmental identity in the embryo and adult thorax of Drosophila melanogaster, in: Molecular Aspects of Early Development (G. M. Melacinski and W. H. Klein, eds.), pp. 189–217, Plenum, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, T. C., Lewis, R., and Wakimoto, B., 1980, Cytogenetic analysis of chromosome 3 in Drosophila melanogaster: The homoeotic gene complex in polytene chromosome interval 84A,B, Genetics 94:115–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilchherr, F., Baumgartner, S., Bopp, D., Frei, E., and Noll, M., 1986, Isolation of the paired gene of Drosophila and its spatial expression during early embryogenesis, Nature (Lond.) 321:493–499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knipple, D. C., Seifert, E., Rosenberg, U. B., Priess, A., and Jackie, H., 1985, Spatial and temporal patterns of Krüppel gene expression in early Drosophila embryos, Nature (Lond.) 317:40–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konrad, K. D., Engstrom, L., Perrimon, N., and Mahowald, A. P., 1985, Genetic analysis of oogenesis and the role of maternal gene expression in early development, in: Developmental Biology: A Comprehensive Synthesis, Vol. 1: Oogenesis (L. W. Browder, ed.), pp. 577–617, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornberg, T., 1981, engrailed: A gene controlling compartment and segment formation in Drosophila, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1095–1099.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornberg, T., Siden, I., O’Farrell, P., and Simon, F., 1985, The engrailed locus of Drosophila: In situ localization of transcripts reveals compartment-specific expression, Cell 40:45–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuner, J. M., Nakanishi, M., Ali, Z., Drees, B., Gustaven, E., Theis, J., Kauvar, L., Kornberg, T., and O’Farrell, P. H., 1985, Molecular cloning of engrailed: A gene involved in the development of pattern in Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 42:309–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroiwa, A., Hafen, E., and Gehring, W. J., 1984, Cloning and transcriptional analysis of the segmentation gene fushi tarazu of Drosophila, Cell 37:825–831.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroiwa, A., Kloter, U., Baumgartner, P., and Gehring, W. J., 1985, Cloning of the homeotic Sexcombs reduced gene in Drosophila and in situ localization of its transcripts, EMBO J. 4:3757–3764.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laughon, A., and Scott, M. P., 1984, Sequence of a Drosophila segmentation gene: Protein structure homology with DNA-binding proteins, Nature (Lond.) 310:25–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laughon, A., Carroll, S. B., Storfer, F. A., Riley, P. D., and Scott, M. P., 1985, Common properties of proteins encoded by the Antennapedia complex genes of Drosophila melanogaster, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol 50:253–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laughon, A., Boulet, A. M., Bermingham, J. R., Laymond, R. A., and Scott, M. P., 1986, The structure of transcripts from the homeotic Antennapedia gene of Drosophila: Two promoters control the major protein-coding region, Mol. Cell Biol. 6:4676–4689.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, P. A. (ed.), 1976, Insect Development, Halsted Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, R., 1985, Regionspezifische Segmentierungamutanten bei Drosophila melanogaster Meigcn, Doctoral dissertation, Tübingen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, R., and Nüsslein-Volhard, C., 1986, hunchback, a gene required for segmentation of an anterior and posterior region of the Drosophila embryo, Dev. Biol. 119:402–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, M., Hafen, E., Garber, R. L., and Gehring, W. J., 1983, Spatial distribution of Antennapedia transcripts during Drosophila development, EMBO J. 2:2037–2046.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, M., Rubin, G. M., and Tjian, R., 1984, Human DNA sequences homologous to a protein-coding region conserved between homeotic genes of Drosophila, Cell 38:667–673.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, E. B., 1954, The theory and application of a new method of detecting chromosomal rearrangements in Drosophila melanogaster, Am. Nat. 88:225–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, E. B., 1955, Some aspects of position pseudoallelism, Am. Nat. 80:73–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, E. B., 1978, A gene complex controlling segmentation in Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 276:565–570.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, E. B., 1982, Control of body segment differentiation in Drosophila by the bithorax gene complex, in: Embryonic Development: Genes and Cells (M. Burger, ed.), pp. 269–288, Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lohs-Schardin, M., Cremer, C., and Nüsslein-Volhard, C., 1979, A fate map for the larval epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster: Localized cuticle defects following irradiation of the blastoderm with an ultraviolet laser microbeam, Dev. Biol. 73:239–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahowald, A. P., and Hardy, P. A., 1985, Genetics of Drosophila embryogenesis, Annu. Rev. Genet. 19:149–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Arias, A., 1986, The Antennapedia gene is required and expressed in parasegments 4 and 5 of the Drosophila embryo, EMBO J. 5:135–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Arias, A., and Lawrence, P. A., 1985, Parasegments and compartments in the Drosophila embryo, Nature (Lond.) 313:639–642.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis, W., Garber, R. L., Wirz, J., Kuroiwa, A., and Gehring, W. J., 1984, A homologous protein-coding sequence in Drosophila homeootic genes and its conservation in other metazoans, Cell 37:403–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J., McLachlan, A. D., and Klug, A., 1985, Repetitive zinc-binding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes, EMBO J. 4:1609–1614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohler, J., and Wieschaus, E., 1985, Bicaudal mutations of Drosophila melanogaster: Alteration of blastoderm cell fate, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50:105–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nüsslein-Volhard, C., 1979, Maternal effect mutations that alter the spatial coordinates of the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster, in: Determinants of Spatial Organization (S. Subtelny and I. R. Konigsberg, eds.), pp. 185–211, Academic, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nüsslein-Volhard, C., and Wieschaus, E., 1980, Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 287:795–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nüsslein-Volhard, C., Lohs-Schardin, M., Sander, K., and Cremer, C., 1980, A dorso-ventral shift of embryonic primordia in a new maternal-effect mutant of Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 283:474–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nüsslein-Volhard, C., Wieschaus, E., and Kluding, H., 1984, Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Zygotic loci on the second chromosome, Wilhelm Roux Arch. Dev. Biol. 193:267–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pabo, C. O., and Sauer, R. T., 1984, Protein-DNA recognition,Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53:293–321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrimon, N., Engstrom, L., and Mahowald, A. P., 1985, A pupal lethal mutation with a paternally influenced maternal effect on embryonic development in Drosophila melanogaster, Dev. Biol. 110:480–491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrimon, N., and Mahowald, A. M., 1968, X-linked female-sterile loci in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 113:695–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preiss, A., Rosenberg, V. B., Keinlin, A., Seifert, E., and Jäckie, H., 1985, Molecular genetics of Krüppel, a gene required for segmentation of the Drosophila embryo, Nature (Lond.) 313:27–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabl, C., 1879, Ueber die Entwicklung der Morphologisches Jahrbuch, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regulski, M., Harding, K., Kostriken, R., Karch, F., Levine, M., and McGinnis, W., 1985, Homeobox genes of the Antennapedia and bithorax complexes of Drosophila, Cell 43:71–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, U. B., Knipple, D., Preiss, A., Seifert, E., and Jäckle, H., 1985, Production of phe-nocopies by Krüppel antisense RNA injection into Drosophila embryos, Nature (Lond.) 313:703–706.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, U. B., Schröder, C., Priess, A., Kienlin, A., and Kote, S., 1986, Structural homology of the product of the Drosophila Krüppel gene with Xenopus transcription factor IIIA, Nature (Lond.) 319:336–339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, G. M., and Spradling, A. C., 1982, Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors, Science 218:348–353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Herrero, E., Vernos, I., Marco, R., and Morata, G., 1985, Genetic organization of Drosophila hithorax complex, Nature (Lond.) 313:108–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneuwly, S., Kuroiwa, A., Baumgartner, P., and Gehring, W. J., 1986, Structural organization and sequence of the homeotic gene Antennapedia of Drosophila melanogaster, EMBO J. 5:733–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schüpbach, T., and Wieschaus, E., 1986, Maternal-effect mutations altering the anterior-posterior pattern of the Drosophila embryo, Wilhelm Roux Arch. Dev. Biol. 195:302–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M. P., 1987, Complex loci of Drosophila, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:195–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M. P., and O’Farrell, P. H., 1986, Spatial programming of gene expression in early Drosophila embryogenesis, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 2:49–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M. P., and Weiner, A. J., 1984, Structural relationships among genes that control development: Sequence homology between the Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax, and fushi tarazu loci of Drosophila, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:4115–4119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M. P., Weiner, A. J., Polisky, B. A., Hazelrigg, T. I., Pirrotta, V., Scalenghe, F., and Kaufman, T. C., 1983, The molecular organization of the Antennapedia locus of Drosophila, Cell 35:763–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, J. C. W., McGinnis, W., Carrasco, A. E., DeRobertis, E. M., and Gehring, W. J., 1984, Fly and from homeodomains show homologies with yeast mating type regulatory proteins, Nature (Lond.) 310:70–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simcox, A. A., and Sang, J. M., 1983, When does determination occur in Drosophila embryos?, Dev. BioJ. 97:212–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, P., 1983, Maternal-zygotic gene interactions during formation of the dorsoventral pattern in Drosophila embryos, Genetics 105:615–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spradling, A. C., and Rubin, G. M., 1982, Transposition of cloned P elements into Drosophila germ line chromosomes, Science 218:341–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steward, R., Ambrosio, L., and Schedl, P., 1985, Expression of the dorsal gene, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 50:223–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strecker, T. R., Kongsuwan, K., Lengyel, J. A., and Merriam, J. R., 1985, The zygotic mutant Tailless affects the anterior and posterior ectodermal regions of the Drosophila embryo, Dev. Biol. 113:64–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stroeher, V. L., Jorgensen, E. M., and Garber, R. L., 1986, Multiple transcripts from the Antennapedia gene of Drosophila, Mol. Cell Biol. 6:4667–4675.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struhl, G., 1981a, A homoeotic mutation transforming leg to antenna in Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 292:635–638.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struhl, G., 1981b, A gene product required for correct initiation of segmental determination in Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 293:36–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struhl, G., 1982, Genes controlling segmental specification in the Drosophila thorax, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:7380–7384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struhl, G., 1984, Splitting the bithorax complex of Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 308:454–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Struhl, G., 1985, Near-reciprocal phenotypes caused by inactivation or indiscriminate expression of the Drosophila segmentation gene ftz, Nature (Lond.) 318:677–680.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struhl, G., and Akam, M., 1985, Altered distributions of Ultrabithorax transcripts in extra sex combs mutant embryos of Drosophila, EMBO J. 4:3259–3264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struhl, G., and Brower, D., 1982, Early role of the esc + gene product in the determination of segments in Drosophila, Cell 31:285–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struhl, G., and White, R. A. H., 1985, Regulation of the Ultrabithorax gene of Drosophila by other bithorax complex genes, Cell 43:507–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, F. R., and Mahowald, A. P., 1976, Scanning electron microscopy of Drosophila embryo-genesis. I. The structure of the egg envelopes and the formation of the cellular blastoderm, Dev. Biol. 50:95–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, E. M., Turner, F. R., and Mahowald, A. P., 1980, Analysis of cell movements and fate mapping during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, Dev. Biol. 74:286–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakimoto, B. T., and Kaufman, T. C., 1981, Analysis of larval segmentation in lethal genotypes associated with the Antennapedia gene complex in Drosophila meJanogaster, Dev. Biol. 81:51–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakimoto, B. T., Turner, F. R., and Kaufman, T. C., 1984, Defects in embryogenesis in mutants associated with the Antennapedia gene complex of Drosophila melanogaster, Dev. Biol. 102:147–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wedeen, C., Harding, K., and Levine, M., 1986, Spatial regulation of Antennapedia and bithorax gene expression by the PoJycomb locus in Drosophila, Cell 44:739–748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, A. J., Scott, M. P., and Kaufman, T. C., 1984, A molecular analysis of fushi tarazu, a gene in Drosophila melanogaster that encodes a product affecting embryonic segment number and cell fate, Cell 37:843–851.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weir, M. P., and Kornberg, T., 1985, Patterns of engrailed and fushi tarazu transcripts reveal novel intermediate stages in Drosophila segmentation, Nature (Lond.) 318:433–439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. A. H., and Akam, M. E., 1985, Contrabithorax mutations cause inappropriate expression of Ultrabithorax products in Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 318:567–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. A. H., and Wilcox, M., 1984, Protein products of the bithorax complex in Drosophila, Cell 39:163–171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. A. H., and Wilcox, M., 1985a, Distribution of Ultrabithorax proteins in Drosophila, EMBO J. 4:2035–2043.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. A. H., and Wilcox, M., 1985b, Regulation of the distribution of UJtrabithorax proteins in Drosophila, Nature (Lond.) 318:563–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wieschaus, E., Nusslein-Volhard, C., and Jürgens, G., 1984a, Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Zygotic loci on the X chromosome and fourth chromosome, Wilhelm Roux Arch. Dev. Biol. 193:296–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wieschaus, E., Nüsslein-Volhard, C., and Kluding, H., 1984b, Krüppel, a gene whose activity is required early in the zygotic genome for normal embryonic segmentation, Dev. Biol. 104:172–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Scott, M.P. (1988). The Molecular Biology of Pattern Formation in the Early Embryonic Development of Drosophila . In: Browder, L.W. (eds) The Molecular Biology of Cell Determination and Cell Differentiation. Developmental Biology, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6817-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6817-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6819-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6817-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics