Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytes comprise a widely distributed and morphologically heterogeneous cell system. Originating from bone marrow stem cells, through the stages of monoblasts and promonocytes, these cells mature into monocytes which are released into the blood. After a few days in the circulation, the monocytes migrate into tissues to form the macrophages of the lungs, liver, spleen, lymphoid organs, pleural and peritoneal cavities, bones, etc. Here, a further differentiation takes place according to their specific functions in the various tissues. In general, macrophages are large cells with a high phagocytic and protein-synthesizing capacity but with a low self-replicating ability.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexander, P., and Evans, R., 1971, Endotoxin and double stranded RNA render macrophages cytotoxic, Nature New Biol. 232:76.
Allen, R. C., and Loose, L. D., 1976, Phagocytic activation of a luminol-dependent chemilumines-cence in rabbit alveolar and peritoneal macrophages, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 69:245.
Allen, R. C., Stjernholm, R. L., and Steele, R. H., 1972, Evidence for the generation of an electronic excitation state(s) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and its participation in bactericidal activity, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 47:679.
Allred, C. D., and Hill, H. R., 1977, Effect of chemoattractants in PMN chemiluminescence, Clin. Res. 25:117A.
Amano, T. S., Inai, Y., Seki, S., Kashiba, K., Fujikawa, K., and Nishimura, S., 1954, Studies on immune bacteriolysis. 1. Accelerating effect on immune bacteriolysis by lysozyme-like substance of leukocytes and egg-white lysozyme, Med. J. Osaka Univ. 4:401.
Axline, S. G., and Cohn, Z. A., 1970, In vitro induction of lysosomal enzymes by phagocytosis, J. Exp. Med. 131:1239.
Babior, B. M., Kipnes, R. S., and Curnutte, J. T., 1973, Biological defense mechanisms. The production by leukocytes of superoxide, a potential bactericidal agent, J. Clin. Invest. 52:741.
Babior, B. M., Curnutte, J. T., and Kipnes, R. S., 1975, Biological defense mechanisms. Evidence for the participation of superoxide in bacterial killing by xanthine oxidase, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85:235.
Baehner, R. L., 1975, Subcellular distribution of nitroblue tetrazolium reductase (NBT-R) in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), J. Lab. Clin. Med. 86:785.
Baehner, R. L., and Johnston, R. B. Jr., 1972, Monocyte function in children with neutropenia and chronic infections, Blood 40:31.
Baehner, R. L., Gilman, N., and Karnovsky, M. L., 1970, Respiration and glucose oxidation in human and guinea pig leukocytes: Comparative studies, J. Clin. Invest. 49:692.
Bakkenist, A. R. J., Wever, R., Vulsma, T., Plat, H., and van Gelder, B. F., 1978, Isolation procedure and some properties of myeloperoxidase from human leukocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 524:45.
Beall, G. D., Repine, J. E., Hoidal, J. R., and Rasp, F. L., 1977, Chemiluminescence by human alveolar macrophages: Stimulation with heat-killed bacteria or phorbol myristate acetate, Infect. Immun. 17:117.
Beauchamp, C., and Fridovich, I., 1970, A mechanism for the production of ethylene from methional. The generation of the hydroxyl radical by xanthine oxidase, J. Biol. Chem. 245:4641.
Belding, M. E., Klebanoff, S. J., and Ray, C. G., 1970, Peroxidase-mediated virucidal systems, Science 167:195.
Bennett, W. E., and Cohn, Z. A., 1966, The isolation and selected properties of blood monocytes, J. Exp. Med. 123:145.
Biggar, W. D., and Sturgess, J. M., 1978, Hydrogen peroxide release by rat alveolar macrophages: Comparison with blood neutrophils, Infect. Immun. 19:621.
Biggar, W. D., Holmes, B., Page, A. R., Deinard, A. S., L’Esperance, P., and Good, R. A., 1974, Metabolic and functional studies of monocytes in congenital neutropenia, Br. J. Haematol. 28:233.
Biggar, W. D., Buron, S., and Holmes, B., 1976, Bactericidal mechanisms in rabbit alveolar macrophages: Evidence against peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide bactericidal mechanisms, Infect. Immun. 14:6.
Bigley, R. H., and Stankova, L., 1974, Uptake and reduction of oxidized and reduced ascorbate by human leukocytes, J. Exp. Med. 139:1084.
Blanden, R. V., Mackaness, G. B., and Collins, F. M., 1966, Mechanisms of acquired resistance in mouse typhoid, J. Exp. Med. 124:585.
Bodel, P. T., Nichols, B. A., and Bainton, D. F., 1977, Appearance of peroxidase reactivity within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of blood monocytes after surface adherence, J. Exp. Med. 145:264.
Bos, A., Wever, R., and Roos, D., 1978, Characterization and quantification of the peroxidase in human monocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 525:37.
Böyum, A., 1968, Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood. Isolation of mononuclear cells by one centrifugation, and of granulocytes by combining centrifugation and sedimentation at lg, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 21 (Supp. 97):77.
Breton-Gorius, J., and Guichard, J., 1969, Etude au microscope électronique de la localisation des peroxydases dans les cellules de la moelle osseuse humaine, Nouv. Rev. Franc. Hématol. 9:678.
Briggs, R. T., Drath, D. B., Karnovsky, M. L., and Karnovsky, M. J., 1975, Localization of NADH oxidase on the surface of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by a new cytochemical method, J. Cell Biol. 67:566.
Brodersen, M. P., and Burns, C. P., 1973, The separation of human monocytes from blood including biochemical observations, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 144:941.
Brumfitt, W., and Glynn, A. A., 1961, Intracellular killing of Micrococcus lysodeikHcus by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. A comparative study, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 42:408.
Bucana, C., Hoyer, L. C., Hobbs, B., Breesman, S., McDaniel, M., and Hanna, M. G., Jr., 1976, Morphological evidence for the translocation of lysosomal organelles from cytotoxic macrophages into the cytoplasm of tumor target cells, Cancer Res. 36:4444.
Cheson, B. D., Christensen, R. L., Sperling, R., Köhler, B. E., and Babior, B. M., 1976, The origin of the chemiluminescence of phagocytosing granulocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 58:789.
Cheson, B. D., Curnutte, J. T., and Babior, B. M., 1977, The oxidative killing mechanisms of the neutrophil, Progr. Clin. Immunol. 3:1.
Clark, R. A., and Klebanoff, S.J., 1975, Neutrophil-mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity: Role of the peroxidase system, J. Exp. Med. 141:1442.
Clark, R. A., and Klebanoff, S. J., 1977, Studies on the mechanism of antibody-dependent polymorphonuclear leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, J. Immunol. 119:1413.
Cline, M. J., 1966, Phagocytosis and synthesis of ribonucleic acid in human granulocytes, Nature 212:1431.
Cline, M. J., 1970a, Bactericidal activity of human macrophages: Analysis of factors influencing the killing of Listeria monocytogenes, Infect. Immun. 2:156.
Cline, M. J., 1970b, Drug potentiation of macrophage function, Infect. Immun. 2:601.
Cline, M. J., and Lehrer, R. I., 1968, Phagocytosis by human monocytes, Blood 32:423.
Cohen, A. B., and Cline, M. J., 1971, The human alveolar macrophage: Isolation, cultivation in vitro, and studies of morphologic and functional characteristics, J. Clin. Invest. 50:1390.
Cohn, Z. A., 1963, The fate of bacteria within phagocytic cells. 1. The degradation of isotopically labeled bacteria by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, J. Exp. Med. 117:27.
Cohn, Z. A., and Benson, B., 1965, The differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes. Morphology, cytochemistry, and biochemistry, J. Exp. Med. 121:153.
Cotran, R. S., and Litt, M., 1970, Ultrastructural localization of horseradish peroxidase and endogenous peroxidase activity in guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, J. Immunol. 105:1536.
Cruchaud, A., Girard, J. -P., and Hitoglou, S., 1977, The functions of human monocytes in normal subjects and in disorders associated with immune deficiency, Int. Arch. Allergy 54:529.
Curnutte, J. T., Karnovsky, M. L., and Babior, B. M., 1976, Manganese-dependent NADPH oxidation by granulocyte particles. The role of O2 ‒ and the non-physiological nature of the manganese requirement, J. Clin. Invest. 57:1059.
Dacie, J. V., 1962, The Haemolytic Anaemias, Part II: The Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemias, 2nd ed., pp. 609–610, Churchill, London.
Daems, W. T., and Brederoo, P., 1971, The fine structure and peroxidase activity of resident and exudate peritoneal macrophages in the guinea pig, in: The Reticuloendothelial System and Immune Phenomena (N. R. Diluzio, and K. Fleming, eds.)/ pp. 19–31, Plenum Press, New York.
Daems, W. T., and Brederoo, P., 1973, Electron microscopical studies on the structure, phagocytic properties, and peroxidatic activity of resident and exudate peritoneal macrophages in the guinea pig, Z. Zell forsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 144:247.
Davis, W. C., Huber, H., Douglas, D., and Fudenberg, H. H., 1968, A defect in circulating mononuclear phagocytes in chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, J. Immunol. 5:1093.
DeChatelet, L. R., Cooper, M. R., and McCall, C. E., 1971, Dissociation by colchicine of the hexose monophosphate shunt activation from the bactericidal activity of the leukocyte, Infect. Immun. 3:66.
DeChatelet, L. R., Cooper, M. R., and McCall, C. E., 1972, Stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt in neutrophils by ascorbic acid. Mechanisms of action, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1:12.
DeChatelet, L. R., McCall, C. E., McPhail, L. C., and Johnston, R. B., Jr., 1974, Superoxide dismutase activity in leukocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 53:1197.
DeChatelet, L. R., Mullikin, D., and McCall, C. E., 1975, The generation of superoxide anion by various types of phagocyte, J. Inf. Dis. 131:443.
DeChatelet, L. R., Shirley, P. S., and Johnston, R. B., Jr., 1976, Effect of phorbol myristate acetate on the oxidative metabolism of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Blood 47:545.
Diamond, R. D., Root, R. K., and Bennett, J. E., 1972, Factors influencing killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by human leukocytes in vitro, J. Inf. Dis. 125:367.
Douglas, S. D., 1970, Analytic review: Disorders of phagocyte function, Blood 35:851.
Drath, D. B., and Karnovsky, M. L., 1974, Bactericidal activity of metal-mediated peroxidase-ascorbate systems, Infect. Immun. 10:1077.
Drath, D. B., and Karnovsky, M. L., 1975, Superoxide production by phagocytic leukocytes, J. Exp. Med. 141:257.
Edelson, P. J., and Cohn, Z. A., 1973, Peroxidase-mediated mammalian cell cytotoxicity, J. Exp. Med. 138:318.
Elsbach, P., 1973, On the interaction between phagocytes and micro-organisms, N. Engl. J. Med. 289:846.
Engelfriet, C. P., Kr. von dem Borne, A. E. G., Beckers, D., and van Loghem, J. J., 1974, Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias: Serological and immunochemical characteristics of autoantibodies, Ser. Haematol. 7:328.
Ericsson, Y, and Lundbeck, H., 1955a, Antimicrobial effect in vitro of the ascorbic acid oxidation. I. Effect on bacteria, fungi and viruses in pure culture, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 37:493.
Ericsson, Y., and Lundbeck, H., 1955b, Antimicrobial effect in vitro of the ascorbic acid oxidation. II. Effect of various chemical and physical factors, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 37:507.
Evans, R., and Alexander, P., 1972a, Role of macrophages in tumour immunity. 1. Cooperation between macrophages and lymphoid cells in syngeneic tumour immunity, Immunology 23: 615.
Evans, R., and Alexander, P., 1972b, Mechanism of immunologically specific killing of tumour cells by macrophages, Nature 236:168.
Evans, W. H., and Karnovsky, M. L., 1962, The biochemical basis of phagocytosis. IV. Some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism during phagocytosis, Biochem. 1:159.
Fahimi, H. D., 1970, The fine structural localization of endogenous and exogenous peroxidase activity in Kupffer cells of rat liver, J. Cell Biol 47:247.
Feiberg, N. T., and Schultz, J., 1972, Evidence that myeloperoxidase is composed of isozymes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 148:407.
Fleer, A., van der Meulen, F. W., Linthout, E., Kr. von dem Borne, A. E. G., and Engelfriet, C. P., 1978a, Destruction of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes by human blood monocytes. Modulation of inhibition by IgG, Br. J. Haematol, 39:425.
Fleer, A., van Schaik, M. L. J., Kr. von dem Borne, A. E. G., and Engelfriet, C. P., 1978b, Destruction of sensitized erythrocytes by human monocytes in vitro. Effects of cytochalasin B, hydrocortisone and colchicine. Scand. J. Immunol 8:515.
Fleer, A., Roos, D., Kr. von dem Borne, A. E. G., and Engelfriet, C. P., 1979, Cytotoxic activity of human monocytes towards sensitized red cells is not dependent upon the generation of reactive oxygen species, Blood 54:407.
Fong, K. L., McCay, P. B., Poyer, J. L., Keele, B. B., and Misra, H., 1973, Evidence that peroxidation of lysosomal membranes is initiated by hydroxyl free radicals produced during flavin enzyme activity, J. Biol Chem. 248:7792.
Fowles, R. E., Fajardo, I. M., Leibowitch, J. L., and David, J. R., 1973, The enhancement of macrophage bacteriostasis by products of activated lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med. 138: 952.
Fridovich, I., 1974, Superoxide dismutases, Adv. Enzymol. 41:35.
Gale, R. P., and Zighelboim, J., 1975, Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, J. Immunol. 114:1047.
Gee, J. B. L., and Khandwala, A. S., 1976, Oxygen metabolism in the alveolar macrophage: Friend and foe?, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 19:229.
Gee, J. B. L., Robin, E. D., Field, J. B., Smith, J. D., Tanser, A. R., and Kaskin, J., 1968, Roles of ATP and of peroxidative metabolism during phagocytosis in alveolar macrophages (AM), J. Clin. Invest. 47:38A.
Gee, J. B. L., Vassallo, C. L., Bell, P., Kaskin, J., Basford, R. E., and Field, J. B., 1970, Catalase-dependent peroxidative metabolism in the alveolar macrophage during phagocytosis, J. Clin. Invest. 49:1280.
Gee, J. B. L., Kaskin, J., Duncombe, M. P., and Vassallo, C. L., 1974, The effects of ethanol on some metabolic features of phagocytosis in the alveolar macrophage, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 15:61.
Gill, P. G., Waller, C. A., and MacLennan, I. C. M., 1977, Relationships between different functional properties of human monocytes, Immunology 33:873.
Ginsburg, I., and Sela, M. N., 1976, The role of leukocytes and their hydrolases in the persistence, degradation and transport of bacterial constituents in tissues: Relation to chronic inflammatory processes in staphylococcal, streptococcal, and mycobacterial infections, and in chronic periodontal disease, in: Critical Reviews in Microbiology, Vol. 4, pp. 249–332, CRC Press, Cleveland.
Goldstein, I. M., Roos, D., Kaplan, H. B., and Weissmann, G., 1975, Complement and immunoglobulins stimulate superoxide production by human leukocytes independently of phagocytosis, J. Clin. Invest. 56:1155.
Goldstein, I. M., Kaplan, H. B., Radin, A., and Frosch, M., 1976, Independent effects of IgG and complement upon human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function, J. Immunol. 117:1282.
Goldstein, I. M., Cerquiera, M., Lind, S., and Kaplan, H. B., 1977, Evidence that the superoxide-generating system of human leukocytes is associated with the cell surface, J. Clin. Invest. 59:249.
Graham, R. C., Jr., Karnovsky, M. J., Shafer, A. W., Glass, E. A., and Karnovsky, M. L., 1967, Metabolic and morphological observations on the effect of surface-active agents on leukocytes, J. Cell Biol. 32:629.
Greaves, M. F., and Brown, G., 1974, Purification of human T and B lymphocytes, J. Immunol. 112:420.
Greenwood, M. F., Jones, E. A., Jr., and Holland P., 1978, Monocyte functional capacity in chronic neutropenia, Am. J. Dis. Child. 132:131.
Gregory, E. M., Yost, F. J., and Fridovich, I., 1973, Superoxide dismutases of Escherichia coli: Intracellular localization and functions, J. Bacteriol. 115:987.
Hard, G. C., 1970, Some biochemical aspects of the immune macrophage, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 51:97.
Hatch, G. E., Gardner, D. E., and Menzel, D. B., 1978, Chemiluminescence of phagocytic cells caused by N-formylmethionyl peptides, J. Exp. Med. 147:182.
Hersey, P., 1973, Macrophage effector function: An in vitro system of assessment, Transplantation 15:282.
Hibbs, J. B., 1974, Heterocytolysis of macrophages activated by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Lysosome exocytosis into tumor cells, Science 184:468.
Hibbs, J. B., Lambert, L. H., and Remington, J. S., 1972, Possible role of macrophage-mediated non-specific cytotoxicity in tumor resistance, Nature New Biol. 235:48.
Hirsch, J. G., and Fedorko, M. E., 1970, Morphology of mouse mononuclear phagocytes, in: Mononuclear Phagocytes (R. van Fürth, ed.), pp. 7–28, Blackwell, Oxford.
Hirt, W. E., and Bonventre, P. F., 1973, Cultural, phagocytic, and bactericidal characteristics of peritoneal macrophages, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 13:27.
Hodgson, E. K., and Fridovich, I., 1976, The mechanism of the activity-dependent luminescence of xanthine oxidase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 172:202.
Holm, G., 1972, Lysis of antibody-treated human erythrocytes by human leukocytes and macrophages in tissue culture, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 43:671.
Holm, G., and Hammarström, S., 1973, Haemolytic activity of human blood monocytes. Lysis of human erythrocytes treated with anti-A serum, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 13:29.
Holmes, B., Park, B. H., Malawista, S. E., Quie, P. G., Nelson, D. L., and Good, R. A., 1970, Chronic granulomatous disease in females. A deficiency of leukocyte glutathione peroxidase, N. Engl J. Med. 283:217.
Homan-Müller, J. W. T., Weening, R. S., and Roos, D., 1975, Production of hydrogen peroxide by phagocytizing human granulocytes, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85:198.
Huang, K. J., Donahoe, R. M., Gordon, F. B., and Dressier, H. R., 1971, Enhancement of phagocytosis by interferon-containing preparations, Infect. Immun. 4:581.
Iyer, G. Y. N., Islam, M. F., and Quastel, J. H., 1961, Biochemical aspects of phagocytosis, Nature 192:535.
Jacobs, A. A., Paul, B. B., Strauss, R. R., and Sbarra, A. J., 1970, The role of the phagocyte in host-parasite interactions. XXIII. Relation of bactericidal activity to peroxidase-associated decarboxylation and deamination, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 39:284.
Jensen, M. S., and Bainton, D. F., 1973, Temporal changes in pH within the phagocytic vacuole of the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte, J. Cell Biol. 56:379.
Johnson, W. D. Jr., Mei, B., and Cohn, Z. A., 1977, The separation, long-term cultivation, and maturation of the human monocyte, J. Exp. Med. 146:1613.
Johnston, R. B., Jr., and Newman, S. L., 1977, Chronic granulomatous disease, Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 24:365.
Johnston, R. B., Jr., Keele, B. B., Jr., Misra, H. P., Lehmeyer, J. E., Webb, L. S., Baehner, R. L., and Rajagopalan, K. V., 1975, The role of superoxide anion generation in phagocytic bactericidal activity. Studies with normal and chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 55:1357.
Johnston, R. B., Jr., Lehmeyer, J. E., and Guthrie, L. A., 1976, Generation of superoxide anion and chemüuminescence by human monocytes during phagocytosis and on contact with surface-bound immunoglobulin G, J. Exp. Med. 143:1551.
Junqueira, L. C., Carneiro, J., and Contopoulos, A., 1977, Bone cells, in: Basic Histology, 2nd., pp. 120–122, Lange, Los Altos, Ca.
Kahn, A. J., and Simmons, D. J., 1975, Investigation of cell lineage in bone using a chimaera of chick and quail embryonic tissue, Nature 258:325.
Kahn, A. J., Stewart, C. C., and Teitelbaum, S. L., 1978, Contact-mediated bone resorption by human monocytes in vitro, Science 199:988.
Kakinuma, K., 1970, Metabolic control and intracellular pH during phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 68:177.
Kaplan, S. S., Perillie, P. E., and Finch, S. C., 1969, The effect of chloramphenicol on human leukocyte phagocytosis and respiration, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 130:839.
Kaplow, L. S., Dauber, H., and Lerner, E., 1976, Assessment of monocyte esterase activity by flow cytophotometry, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 24:363.
Karnovsky, M. L., Simmons, S., Glass, E. A., Shafer, A. W., and D’Arcy Hart, P., 1970, Metabolism of macrophages, in: Mononuclear Phagocytes, (R. van Fürth, ed.), pp. 103–120, Blackwell, Oxford.
Karnovsky, M. L., Lazdins, J., and Simmons, S. R., 1975, Metabolism of activated mononuclear phagocytes at rest and during phagocytosis, in: Mononuclear Phagocytes in Infection, Immunity and Pathology (R. van Fürth, ed.), pp. 424–438, Blackwell, Oxford.
Kay, A. B., White, A. G., Barclay, G. R., Darg, C., Raeburn, J. A., Uttley, W. S., McCrae, W. M., and Innes, E. M., 1975, Monocyte function in chronic benign neutropenia, Lancet 1:391
Kearns, D. R., 1971, Physical and chemical properties of singlet molecular oxygen, Chem. Rev. 71:395.
Keller, R., 1976, Cytostatic and cytocidal effects of activated macrophages, in: Immunobiology of the Macrophage (D. S. Nelson, ed.), pp. 487–508, Academic Press, New York.
King, G. W., Para, M. F., LoBuglio, A. F., and Sagone, A. L., Jr., 1975, Human monocyte metabolism: Male vs. female, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 17:282.
Klebanoff, S. J., 1967a, A peroxidase-mediated antimicrobial system in leukocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 46:1078.
Klebanoff, S. J., 1967b, Iodination of bacteria: A bactericidal mechanism, J. Exp. Med. 126:1063.
Klebanoff, S. J., 1968, Myeloperoxidase-halide-hydrogen peroxide antibacterial system, J. Bacteriol. 95:2131.
Klebanoff, S. J., 1969, Antimicrobial activity of catalase at acid pH, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 132:571.
Klebanoff, S. J., 1970, Myeloperoxidase: Contribution to the microbicidal activity of intact leukocytes, Science 169:1095. Klebanoff, S. J., 1974, Role of the superoxide anion in the myeloperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial system, J. Biol. Chem. 249:3724.
Klebanoff, S. J., and Clark, R. A., 1975, Hemolysis and iodination of erythrocyte components by a myeloperoxidase-mediated system, Blood 45:699.
Klebanoff, S. J., and Green, W. L., 1973, Degradation of thyroid hormones by phagocytosing human leukocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 52:60.
Klebanoff, S. J., and Hamon, C. B., 1972, Role of myeloperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial systems in intact leukocytes, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 12:170.
Klebanoff, S. J., and Hamon, C. B., 1975, Antimicrobial systems of mononuclear phagocytes, in: Mononuclear Phagocytes in Infection, Immunity and Pathology, (R. van Fürth, ed.), pp. 507–529, Blackwell, Oxford.
Krinsky, N. I., 1974, Singlet excited oxygen as a mediator of the antibacterial action of leukocytes, Science 186:363.
Kwan, D., Epstein, M. B., and Norman, A., 1976, Studies on human monocytes with a multiparameter cell sorter, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 24:355.
Lehrer, R. I., 1969, Antifungal effects of peroxidase systems, J. Bacteriol. 99:361.
Lehrer, R. I., 1970, The fungicidal activity of human monocytes: A myeloperoxidase-linked mechanism, Clin. Res. 18:408A.
Lehrer, R. L, 1971, Inhibition by sulfonamides of the candidacidal activity of human neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest. 50:2498.
Lehrer, R. I., 1972, Functional aspects of a second mechanism of candidacidal activity by human neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest. 5:2566.
Lehrer, R. I., 1973, Effects of colchicine and chloramphenicol on the oxidative metabolism and phagocytic activity of human neutrophils, J. Infect. Dis. 127:40.
Lehrer, R. L, 1975, The fungicidal mechanisms of human monocytes. I. Evidence for myeloperoxidase-linked and myeloperoxidase-independent candicacidal mechanisms, J. Clin. Invest. 55:338.
Lehrer, R. I., and Cline, M. J., 1969, Leukocyte myeloperoxidase deficiency and disseminated candidiasis: The role of myeloperoxidase in resistance to Candida infection, J. Clin. Invest. 48:1478.
Lehrer, R. I., Hanifin, J., and Cline, M. J., 1969, Defective bactericidal activity in myeloperoxidase-deficient human neutrophils, Nature 223:78.
Lehrer, R. L, Mitchell, K. I., and Hake, R. B., 1974, The fungicidal proteins of mammalian neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest. 53:44A.
Lewis, S. M., Szur, L., and Dacie, J. V., 1960, The pattern of erythrocyte destruction in haemolytic anaemia, as studied with radio-active chromium, Br. J. Haematol. 6:122.
LoBuglio, A. F., Cotran, R. S., and Jandl, J. H., 1967, Red cells coated with immunoglobulin G: Binding and sphering by mononuclear cells in man, Science 158:1582.
Looke, E., and Rowley, D., 1962, The lack of correlation between sensitivity of bacteria to killing by macrophages or acidic conditions, Aus. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 40:315.
Loos, J. A., Blok-Schut, B., van Doom, R., Hoksbergen, R., Brutel de la Rivière, A., and Meerhof, L., 1976a, A method for the recognition and separation of human blood monocytes on density gradients, Blood 48:731.
Loos, J. A., Blok-Schut, B., Kipp, B., van Doom, R., and Meerhof, L., 1976b, Size distribution, electronic recognition, and counting of human blood monocytes, Blood 48:743.
Lowrie, D. B., and Aber, V. R., 1977, Superoxide production by rabbit pulmonary alveolar macrophages, Life Sci. 21:1575.
MacDonald, H. R., Bonnard, G. D., Sordat, B., and Zawodnik, S. A., 1975, Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Heterogeneity of effector cells in human peripheral blood, Scand. J. Immunol. 4:487.
Mackaness, G. B., 1962, Cellular resistance to infection, J. Exp. Med. 116:381.
Malawista, S. E., and Bodel, P. T., 1967, The dissociation by colchicine of phagocytosis from increased oxygen consumption in human leukocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 46:786.
Mandell, G. L., 1970, Intraphagosomal pH of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 134:447.
Mandell, G. L., 1974, Bactericidal activity of aerobic and anaerobic polymorphonuclear neutrophils, Infect. Immun. 9:337.
Mandell, G. L., 1975, Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro and in vivo studies with emphasis on staphylococcal-leukocyte interactions, J. Clin. Invest. 55:561.
Mandell, G. L., and Hook, E. W., 1969, Leukocyte function in chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, Am. J. Med. 47:473.
McRipley, R. J., and Sbarra, A. J., 1967, Role of the phagocyte in host-parasite interactions. XII. Hydrogen peroxide myeloperoxidase bactericidal system in the phagocyte, J. Bacteriol. 94:1425.
Miles, P. R., Lee, P., Trush, M. A., and van Dyke, K., 1977, Chemiluminescence associated with phagocytosis of foreign particles in rabbit alveolar macrophages, Life Sci. 20:165.
Miller, T. E., 1969, Killing and lysis of gram-negative bacteria through the synergistic effect of hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid, and lysozyme, J. Bacteriol. 98:949.
Miller, T. E., 1971, Metabolic event involved in the bactericidal activity of normal mouse macrophages, Infect. Immun. 3:390.
Montarosso, A. M., and Myrvik, Q. N., 1977, HMS response in normal and BCG immunized rabbit alveolar macrophages, J. Reticubendothel. Soc. 22:9A.
Mundy, G. R., Airman, A. J., Gondek, M. D., and Bandelin, J. G., 1977, Direct resorption of bone by human monocytes, Science 196:1109.
Muschel, L. H., 1965, Immune bactericidal and bacteriolytic reactions, in: Ciba Foundation Symposium on Complement (G. E. W. Wolstenholme and J. Knight, eds.), pp. 155–169, Little, Brown, Boston.
Muschel, L. H., Carey, W. F., and Baron, L. S., 1959, Formation of bacterial protoplasts by serum components, J. Immunol. 82:38.
Myrvik, Q. N., and Evans, D. G., 1967, Metabolic and immunologic activities of alveolar macrophages, Arch. Environ. Health 14:92.
Nathan, CF., and Root, R. K., 1977, Hydrogen peroxide release from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Dependence on sequential activation and triggering, J. Exp. Med. 146:1648.
Nathan, C. F., Karnovsky, M. L., and David, J. R., 1971, Alterations of macrophage functions by mediators from lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med. 133:1356.
Nathan, D. G., Baehner, R. L., and Weaver, D. K., 1969, Failure of nitro blue tetrazolium reduction in the phagocytic vacuoles of leukocytes in chronic granulomatous disease, J. Clin. Invest. 48:1895.
Nathanson, S. D., Zamfirescu, P. L., Drew, S. I., and Wilbur, S., 1977, Two-step separation of human peripheral blood monocytes on discontinuous density gradients of colloidal silica-polyvinylpyrrolidinone, J. Immunol. Meth. 18:225.
Nelson, R. D., Mills, E. L., Simmons, R. L., and Quie, P. G., 1976, Chemiluminescence response of phagocytizing human monocytes, Infect. Immun. 14:129.
Nichols, B. A., and Bainton, D. F., 1973, Differentiation of human monocytes in bone marrow and blood: Sequential formation of two granule populations, Lab. Invest. 29:27.
Nichols, B. A., and Bainton, D. F., 1975, Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of mononuclear phagocytes, in: Mononuclear Phagocytes in Immunity, Infection and Pathology, (R. van Fürth, ed.), pp. 15–55, Blackwell, Oxford.
Nichols, B. A., Bainton, D. F., and Farquhar, M. G., 1971, Differentiation of monocytes. Origin, nature, and fate of their azurophilic granules, J. Cell Biol. 50:498.
Odeberg, H., and Olsson, I., 1976a, Microbicidal mechanisms of human granulocytes: Synergistic effects of granulocyte elastase and myeloperoxidase or chymotrypsin-like cationic protein, Infect. Immun. 14:1276.
Odeberg, H., and Olsson, I., 1976b, Mechanisms for the microbicidal activity of cationic proteins of human granulocytes, Infect. Immun. 14:1269.
Ødegaard, A., Viken, K. E., and Lamvik, J., 1974, Structural and functional properties of blood monocytes cultured in vitro, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 82:223.
Qlivotto, M., and Bomford, R., 1974, In vitro inhibition of tumour cell growth and DNA synthesis by peritoneal and lung macrophages from mice infected with Corynebacterium parvum, Int. J. Cancer 13:478.
Oren, R., Farnham, A. E., Saito, K., Milofsky, E., and Karnovsky, M. L., 1963, Metabolic patterns in three types of phagocytizing cells, J. Cell Biol. 17:487.
Ouchi, E., Selvaraj, R. J., and Sbarra, A. J., 1965, The biochemical activities of rabbit alveolar macrophages during phagocytosis, Exp. Cell Res. 40:456.
Para, M., Sagone, A., Balcerzak, S., and LoBuglio, A., 1972, Metabolism of normal and activated monocytes, Clin. Res. 20:742A.
Park, B. H., Biggar, W. D., L’Esperance, P., and Good, R. A., 1972, N. B. T. test on monocytes of neutropenic patients, Lancet 1:1064.
Patriarca, P., Cramer, R., Marussi, M., Moncalvo, S., and Rossi, F., 1971, Phospholipid splitting and metabolic stimulation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 10:251.
Patriarca, P., Dri, P., and Rossi, F., 1974a, Superoxide dismutase in leukocytes, FEBS Lett. 43:247.
Patriarca, P., Basford, R. E., Cramer, R., Dri, P., and Rossi, F., 1974b, Studies on the NADPH oxidizing activity in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The mode of association with the granule membrane, the relationship to myeloperoxidase and the interference of hemoglobin with NADPH oxidase determination, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 362:221.
Paul, B. B., and Sbarra, A. J., 1968, The role of the phagocyte in host-parasite interactions. XIII. The direct quantitative estimation of H2O2 in phagocytizing cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 156:168.
Paul, B. B., Strauss, R. R., Jacobs, A. A., and Sbarra, A. J., 1970a, Function of H2O2, myeloperoxidase, and hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes in phagocytizing cells from different species, Infect. Immun. 1:338.
Paul, B. B., Jacobs, A. A., Strauss, R. R., and Sbarra, A. J., 1970b, The role of the phagocyte in host-parasite interactions. XXIV. Aldehyde generation by the myeloperoxidase-H2O2-chloride antimicrobial system: A possible in vivo mechanism of action, Infect. Immun. 2:414.
Paul, B. B., Strauss, R. R., Selvaraj, R. J., and Sbarra, A. J., 1973, Peroxidase-mediated antimicrobial activities of alveolar macrophage granules, Science 181:849.
Philpott, G. W., Bower, R. J., and Parker, C. W., 1973, Selective iodination and cytotoxicity of tumor cells with an antibody-enzyme conjugate, Surgery (St. Louis) 74:51.
Pincus, S. H., and Klebanoff, S. J., 1971, Quantitative leukocyte iodination, New Eng. J. Med. 284:744.
Policard, A., Collet, A., and Pregermain, S., 1956, Electron microscope studies on alveolar cells from mammals, in: Electron Microscopy, Proc. Stockholm Conf. (F. S. Sjöstrand and J. Rodin, eds.), pp. 244–256, Academic Press, New York.
Poplack, D. G., Bonnard, G. D., Holiman, B. J., and Blaese, R. M.y 1976, Monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: A clinical test of monocyte function, Blood 48:809.
Poulter, L. W., and Turk, J. L., 1975, Studies on the effect of soluble lymphocyte products (lym-phokines) on macrophage physiology. I. Early changes in enzyme activity and permeability, Cell. Immunol. 20:12.
Ratzan, K. R., Musher, D. M., Keusch, G. T., and Weinstein, L., 1972, Correlation of increased metabolic activity, resistance to infection, enhanced phagocytosis, and inhibition of bacterial growth by macrophages from Listeria- and BCG-infected mice, Infect. Immun. 5:499.
Reed, P. W., 1969, Glutathione and the hexose monophosphate shunt in phagotizing and hydrogen peroxide-treated rat leukocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 244:2459.
Reed, P. W., and Tepperman, J., 1969, Phagocytosis-associated metabolism and enzymes in the rat polymorphonuclear leukocyte, Am. J. Physiol. 216:223.
Reiss, M., and Roos, D., 1978, Differences in oxygen metabolism of phagocytosing monocytes and neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest. 61:480.
Repaske, R., 1956, Lysis of gram-negative bacteria by lysozyme, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 22:189.
Repaske, R., 1958, Lysis of gram-negative organisms and the role of versene, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 30:225.
Repine, J. E., White, J. G., Clawson, C. C., and Holmes, B. M., 1974a, The influence of phorbol myristate acetate on oxygen consumption by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 83:911.
Repine, J. E., White, J. G., Clawson, C. C., and Holmes, B. M., 1974b, Effects of phorbol myristate acetate on the metaboEsm and ultrastructure of neutrophils in chronic granulomatous disease, J. Clin. Invest 54:83.
Repine, J. E., White, J. G., Clawson, C. C., and Holmes, B. M., 1975, The influence of phorbol myristate acetate on the metabolism of neutrophils from carriers of sex-linked chronic granulomatous disease, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85:82.
Rinehart, J., Lange, P., Gormus, B. J., and Kaplan, M. E., 1978, Human monocyte-induced tumor ceU cytotoxicity, Blood 52:211.
Rister, M., and Baehner, R. L., 1977, Effect of hyperoxia on superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and alveolar macrophages, Br. J. Haematol. 36:241.
Robbins, D., Fahimi, H. D., and Cotran, R. S., 1971, Fine structural cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in rat peritoneal cells: Mononuclear cells, eosinophils and mast cells, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 19:571.
Rocklin, R. E., Winston, C. T., and David, J. R., 1974, Activation of human blood monocytes by products of sensitized lymphocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 53:559.
Rodey, G. E., Park, B. H., Windhorst, D. B., and Good, R. A., 1969, Defective bactericidal activity of monocytes in fatal granulomatous disease, Blood 33:813.
Romeo, D., Zabucchi, G., Soranzo, M. R., and Rossi, F., 1971, Macrophage metabolism: Activation of NADPH oxidation by phagocytosis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45:1056.
Romeo, D., Cramer, R., Marzi, T., Soranzo, M. R., Zabucchi, G., and Rossi, F., 1973a, Peroxidase activity of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 13:399.
Romeo, D., Zabucchi, G., Marzi, T., and Rossi, F., 1973b, Kinetic and enzymatic features of metabolic stimulation of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages challenged with bacteria, Exp. Cell Res. 78:423.
Romeo, D., Zabucchi, G., and Rossi, F., 1973c, Reversible metabolic stimulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages by Concanavalin A, Nature 243:111.
Roos, D., and Loos, J. A., 1970, Changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of mitogenically stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. I. Stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 222:565.
Roos, D., van Schaik, M. L. J., Weening, R. S., and Wever, R., 1977, Superoxide generation in relation to other oxidative reactions in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in: Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutases (A. M. Michelson, J. M. McCord, and I. Fridovich, eds.), pp. 307–316, Academic Press, New York.
Roos, D., Reiss, M., Balm, A. J. M., Palache, A. M., Cambier, P. H., and Van der Stijl-Neijenhuis, J. S., 1979, A metabolic comparison between human blood monocytes and neutrophils, in: Macrophages and Lymphocytes: Nature, Functions and Interaction (M. R. Escobar and H. Friedman, eds.), pp. 29–36, Plenum Press, New York.
Root, R. K., and Metcalf, J. A., 1977, H2O2 release from human granulocytes during phagocytosis. Relationship to superoxide anion formation and cellular catabolism of H2O2: Studies with normal and cytochalasin B-treated cells, J. Clin. Invest. 60:1266.
Root, R. K., and Stossel, T. P., 1974, Myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination by granulocytes. Intracellular site of operation and some regulating factors, J. Clin. Invest. 53:1207.
Root, R. K., Rosenthal, A. S., and Balestra, D. J., 1972, Abnormal bactericidal, metabolic, and lysosomal functions of Chediak-Higashi syndrome leukocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 51:649.
Root, R. K., Metcalf, J., Oshino, N., and Chance, B., 1975, H2O2 release from human granulocytes during phagocytosis. I. Documentation, quantitation, and some regulating factors, J. Clin. Invest. 55:945.
Rosen, H., and Klebanoff, S. J., 1976, Chemiluminescence and superoxide production by myeloperoxidase-deficient leukocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 58:50.
Rossi, F., and Zatti, M., 1966, Effect of phagocytosis on the carbohydrate metabolism of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 121:110.
Rossi, F., Zabucchi, G., and Romeo, D., 1975, Metabolism of phagocytosing mononuclear phagocytes, in: Mononuclear Phagocytes in Infection, Immunity and Pathology (R. van Fürth, ed.), pp. 441–460, Blackwell, Oxford.
Rümke, C. L., Bezemer, P. D., and Kuik, D. J., 1975, Normal values and least significant differences for differential leukocyte counts, J. Chron. Dis. 28:661.
Sachs, F. L., and Gee, J. B. L., 1973, Comparison of the effects of phagocytosis and phospholipase C on metabolism and lysozyme release in rabbit alveolar macrophages, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 14:52.
Sagone, A. L., Jr., King, G. W., and Metz, E. N., 1976, A comparison of the metabolic response to phagocytosis in human granulocytes and monocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 57:1352.
Salin, M. L., and McCord, J. M., 1974, Superoxide dismutases in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 54:1005.
Salmon, S. E., Cline, M. J., Schultz, J., and Lehrer, R. L, 1970, Myeloperoxidase deficiency. Immunologic study of a genetic leukocyte defect, New Eng. J. Med. 282:250.
Salton, M. R. J., 1957, The properties of lysozyme and its action on microorganisms, Bacteriol. Rev. 21:82.
Sanderson, R. J., Shepperdson, F. T., Vatter, A. E., and Talmage, D. W., 1977, Isolation and enumeration of peripheral blood monocytes, J. Immunol. 118:1409.
Sbarra, A. J., and Karnovsky, M. L., 1959, The biochemical basis of phagocytosis. I. Metabolic changes during the ingestion of particles by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 234:1355.
Schneider, C., Gennaro, R., de Nicola, G., and Romeo, D., 1978, Secretion of granule enzymes from alveolar macrophages. Regulation by intracellular Ca2+-buffering capacity, Exp. Cell Res., 112:249.
Schultz, J., and Kaminker, K., 1962, Myeloperoxidase of the leucocyte of normal human blood. I. Content and localization, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 96:465.
Schultz, J., and Shmukler, H. W., 1964, Myeloperoxidase of the leucoyte of normal human blood. H. Isolation, spectrophotometry and amino acid analysis, Biochemistry 3:1234.
Shohet, S. B., Pitt, J., Baehner, R. L., and Poplack, D. G., 1974, Lipid peroxidation in the killing of phagocytized pneumococci, Infect. Immun. 19:1321.
Shortman, K., 1968, The separation of different cell classes from lymphoid organs. H. The purification and analysis of lymphocyte populations by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, Austr. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 46:375.
Simchowitz, L., and Schur, P. H., 1976, Lectin-dependent neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity. I. Characteristics, Immunology 31:303.
Simmons, S. R., and Karnovsky, M. L., 1973, Iodinating ability of various leukocytes and their bactericidal activity, J. Exp. Med. 138:44.
Simon, L. M., Axline, S. G., Horn, B. R., and Robin, E. D., 1973, Adaptations of energy metabolism in the cultivated macrophage, J. Exp. Med. 138:1413.
Simon, L. M., Robin, E. D., Phillips, J. R., Acevedo, J., Axline, S. G., and Theodore, J., 1977, Enzymatic basis for bioenergetic differences of alveolar versus peritoneal macrophages and enzyme regulation by molecular O2, J. Clin. Invest. 59:443.
Sorrell, T. C., Lehrer, R. I., and Cline, M. J., 1978, Mechanism of non-specific macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity: Evidence for lack of dependence upon oxygen, J. Immunol. 120:347.
Spizizen, J., 1962, Preparation and use of protoplasts, in: Methods in Enzymology (S. R. Colowick and N. O. Kaplan, eds.), Vol. 5, pp. 122–134, Academic Press, New York.
Splinter, T. A. W., Beudeker, M., and van Beek, A., 1978, Changes in cell density induced by Isopaque, Exp. Cell Res. 111:245.
Steigbigel, R. T., Lambert, L. H., Jr., and Remington, J. S., 1974, Phagocytic and bactericidal properties of normal human monocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 53:131.
Stelmaszynska, T., and Zgliczynski, J. M., 1974, Myeloperoxidase of human neutrophilic granulocytes as chlorinating enzyme, Eur. J. Biochem. 45:305.
Stjernholm, R. L., and Manak, R. C., 1970, Carbohydrate metabolism in leukocytes. XIV. Regulation of pentose cycle activity and glycogen metabolism during phagocytosis, J. Reticubendothel. Soc. 8:550.
Stjernholm, R. L., Dimitrov, N. V., and Pijanowski, L. J., 1969, Carbohydrate metabolism in leukocytes. IX. Citric acid cycle activity in human neutrophils, J. Reticubendothel. Soc. 6:194.
Stossel, T. P., Root, R. K., and Vaughan, M., 1972a, Phagocytosis in chronic granulomatous disease and the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med. 286:120.
Stossel, T. P., Mason, R. J., Pollard, T. D., and Vaughan, M., 1972b, Isolation and properties of phagocytic vesicles. H. Alveolar macrophages, J. Clin. Invest. 51:604.
Stossel, T. P., Mason, R. J., and Smith, A. L., 1974, Lipid peroxidation by human blood phagocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 54:638.
Strauss, R. R., Paul, B. B., Jacobs, A. A., and Sbarra, A. J., 1969, The role of the phagocyte in host-parasite interactions. XIX. Leukocytic glutathione reductase and its involvement in phagocytosis, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 135:265.
Strauss, R. R., Paul, B. B., Jacobs, A. A., and Sbarra, A. J., 1970, Role of the phagocyte in host-parasite interactions. XXEL H2O2-dependent decarboxylation and dearnination by myeloperoxidase and its relationship to antimicrobial activity, J. Reticubendothel. Soc. 7:745.
Strauss, R. R., Paul, B. B., Jacobs, A. A., and Sbarra, A. J., 1971, Role of the phagocyte in host-parasite interactions. XXVII. Myeloperoxidase H2O2 —Cl‒-mediated aldehyde formation and its relationship to antimicrobial activity, Infect. Immun. 3:595.
Stubbs, M., Vreeland Kühner, A., Glass, E. A., David, J. R., and Karnovsky, M. L., 1973, Metabolic and functional studies on activated mouse macrophages, J. Exp. Med. 137:537.
Takanaka, K., and O’Brien, P. J., 1975, Mechanisms of H2O2 formation by leukocytes. Evidence for a plasma membrane location, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 169:428.
Tauber, A. I., and Babior, B. M., 1977, Evidence for hydroxyl radical production by human neutrophils, J. Clin. Invest. 60:374.
Territo, M., and Cline, M. J., 1976, Macrophages and their disorders in man, in: Immunobiology of the Macrophage (D. S. Nelson, ed.), pp. 593–616, Academic Press, New York.
Thalinger, K. K., and Mandell, G. L., 1971, Bactericidal activity of macrophages in an anaerobic environment, J. Reticubendothel. Soc. 9:393.
Tsan, M. F., 1977, Stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt independent of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide production in rabbit alveolar macrophages during phagocytosis, Blood 50:935.
Undritz, E., 1966, Die Alius-Grignaschi-Anomalie: der erblich-konstitutionelle Peroxydase Defekt der Neutrophilen und Monozyten, Blut 14:129.
van Berkel, T. J. C., and Kruyt, J. K., 1977a, Distribution and some properties of NADPH and NADH oxidase in parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 179:8.
van Berkel, T. J. C., and Kruyt, J. K., 1977b, Identity of peroxidatic activities in non-parenchymal rat liver cells in relation to parenchymal liver cells, in: Kupffer Cells and Other Liver Sinusoidal Cells (E. Wisse, and D. L. Knook, eds.), pp. 307–314, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
van Berkel, T. J. C., Kruyt, J. K., Slee, R. G., and Koster, J. F., 1977, Identity and activities of superoxide dismutase in parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells from rat liver, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 179:1.
van der Ploeg, M., Streefkerk, J. G., Daems, W. T., and Brederoo, P., 1974, Quantitative aspects of cytochemical peroxidase reactions with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine and 5,6-dihydroxyindole as substrates, in: Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry (E. Wisse, W. T. Daems, I. Molenaar, and P. van Duijn, eds.), pp. 123–126, North Holland, Amsterdam.
van Fürth, R., Hirsch, J. G., and Fedorko, M. E., 1970, Morphology and peroxidase cytochemistry of mouse promonocytes, monocytes and macrophages, J. Exp. Med. 132:794.
Viken, K. E., and Ødegaard, A., 1974, Phagocytosis of heat-killed radio-labelled Candida albicans by human blood monocytes cultured in vitro, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B, 82:235.
Vildé, J. L., and Vildé, F., 1976, Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by human macrophages: Studies in chronic granulomatous disease, in: The Reticuloendothelial System in Health and Disease (S. M. Reichard, M. R. Escobar, and H. Friedman, eds.), pp. 139–144, Plenum Press, New York.
Vogt, M. T., Thomas, C., VassaËo, C. L., Basford, R. E., and Gee, J. B. L., 1971, Glutathione-dependent peroxidative metabolism in the alveolar macrophage, J. Clin. Invest. 50:401.
Walker, D. G., 1975, Bone resorption restored in osteopetrotic mice by transplants of normal bone marrow and spleen cells, Science 190:784.
Ward, P. A., 1970, Comparisons and contrasts in the chemotactic behavior of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, in: Cellular Interactions in the Immune Response, Second International Convention on Immunology, Buffalo, N.Y. (S. Cohen, G. Gudkowicz, and R. T. McCluskey, eds.), p. 191, Karger, Basel.
Waters, M. D., Vaughan, T. O., Campbell, J. A., Stead, A. G., and Coffin, D. L., 1975, Adenosine triphosphate concentration and phagocytic activity in rabbit alveolar macrophages exposed to divalent cations, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 18:29A.
Weening, R. S., Wever, R., and Roos, D., 1975, Quantitative aspects of the production of superoxide radicals by phagocytizing human granulocytes, J. Lab, Clin. Med. 85:245.
Weening, R. S., Roos, D., van Schaik, M. L. J., Voetman, A. A., de Boer, M., and Loos, J. A., 1977, The role of glutathione in the oxidative metabolism of phagocytic leukocytes. Studies in a family with glutathione reductase deficiency, in: Movement, Metabolism and Bactericidal Mechanisms of Phagocytes (F. Rossi, P. L. Patriarca, and D. Romeo, eds.), pp. 277–283, Piccin, Padua.
Weiss, S. J., King, G. W., and LoBuglio, A. F., 1975, Quantitative NBT reduction and superoxide (O2 ‒) generation by monocytes: The effect of cyclic AMP, Clin. Res. 23:497A.
Weiss, S. J., King, G. W., and LoBuglio, A. F., 1977, Evidence for hydroxyl radical generation by human monocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 60:370.
Weiss, S. J., Rustagi, P. K., and LoBuglio, A. F., 1978, Human granulocyte generation of hydroxyl radical, J. Exp. Med. 147:316.
West, J., Morton, D. J., Esmann, V., and Stjernholm, R. L., 1968, Carbohydrate metabolism in leukocytes. VIII. Metabolic activities of the macrophage, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 124:85.
Weston, W. L., Dustin, R. D., and Hecht, S. K., 1975, Quantitative assays of human monocyte-macrophage function, J. Immunol. Meth. 8:213.
Wever, R., Roos, D., Weening, R. S., Vulsma, T., and van Gelder, B. F., 1976, An EPR study of myeloperoxidase in human granulocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 421:328.
Widman, J.-J., Cotran, R. S., and Fahimi, H. D., 1972, Mononuclear phagocytes (Kupffer cells) and endothelial cells. Identification of two functional cell types in rat liver sinusoids by endogenous peroxidase activity, J. Cell Biol. 52:159.
Williams, N., and Shortman, K., 1972, The separation of different cell classes from lymphoid organs. The effect of pH on the buoyant density of lymphocytes and erythrocytes, Austr. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 50:133.
Wintrobe, M. M., Lee, G. R., Boggs, D. R., Bithell, T. C., Athens, J. W., and Foerster, J., 1974, Granulocytes and monocytes. Morphology and chemical properties, in: Clinical Hematology, 7th ed., pp. 221–285, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
Yost, F. J., and Fridovich, I., 1974, Superoxide radicals and phagocytosis, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 161:395.
Zatti, M., and Rossi, F., 1967, Relationship between glycolysis and respiration in surfactant-treated leukocytes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 148:553.
Zeijlemaker, W. P., Roos, M. T. L., Schellekens, P. T. A., and Eijsvoogel, V. P., 1975, Antibody-dependent human lymphocytotoxicity: A microassay system, Eur. J. Immunol. 5:579.
Zeya, H. I., and Spitznagel, J. K., 1968, Arginine-rich proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes. Antimicrobial specificity and biochemical heterogeneity, J. Exp. Med. 127:927.
Zeya, H. I., Keku, E., DeChatelet, L. R., Cooper, M. R., and Spurr, C. L., 1978, Isolation of enzymatically homogeneous populations of human lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes by zonal centrifugation, Am. J. Pathol. 90:33.
Zgliczynski, J. M., Stelmaszynska, T., Ostrowski, W., Naskalski, J., and Sznajd, J., 1968, Myeloperoxidase of human leukaemic leukocytes. Oxidation of amino acids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, Eur. J. Biochem. 4:540.
Zgliczynski, J. M., Stelmaszynska, T., Domanski, J., and Ostrowski, W., 1971, Chloramines as intermediates of oxidation reactions of amino acids by myeloperoxidase, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 235:419.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roos, D., Balm, A.J.M. (1980). The Oxidative Metabolism of Monocytes. In: Sbarra, A.J., Strauss, R.R. (eds) Biochemistry and Metabolism. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9134-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9134-4_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9136-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9134-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive