Skip to main content

Abstract

Hormones from the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland are essential for the regulation of peripheral endocrine organs, water metabolism, and other processes of importance in the maintenance of homeostasis. The release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by both releasing and release-inhibiting factors, produced in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary gland via the bloodstream (portal vascular system between hypothalamus and pituitary gland). Neurohypophyseal hormones produced in the hypothalamus are transported via neurons to the posterior pituitary lobe where they are stored.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akil, H., Mayer, D. J., and Liebeskind, J. C., 1976, Antagonism of stimulation-produced analgesia by naloxone, a narcotic antagonist, Science 191: 961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akil, H., Watson, S. J., Berger, P. A., and Barchas, J. D., 1978, Endorphins, 0-LPH, and ACTH: Biochemical, pharmacological and anatomical studies, in: Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, Vol. 18 ( E. Costa and M. Trabucchi, eds.), pp. 125–139, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angst, J., Autenrieth, V., Brem, F., Koukkou, M., Meyer, H., Stassen, H. H., and Storck, U., 1979, Preliminary results of treatment with 3-endorphin in depression, in: Endorphins in Mental Health Research ( E. Usdin, W. E. Bunney, Jr., and N. S. Kline, eds.), pp. 518–528, Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biegel, A., Murphy, D. L., and Bunney, W. E., Jr., 1971, The manic rating scale: Scale construction, reliability and validity, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 25: 256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, F., Segal, D., Ling, N., and Guillemin, R., 1976, Endorphins: Profound behavioral effects in rats suggest new etiological factors in mental illness, Science 194: 630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgeois, M., Laforge, E., Muyard, J., Blayac, J., and Lemoine, J., 1980, Endorphines et schizophrénie, Ann. Med. Psychol. 138: 1112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, A. F., Smyth, D. G., Snell, C. R., Birdsall, N. J. M., and Hulme, E. C., 1976, C fragment of lipotropin has a high affinity for brain opiate receptors, Nature (London) 260: 793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burbach, J. P. H., Loeber, J. G., Verhoef, J., de Kloet, E. R., van Ree, J. M., and de Wied, D., 1979, Schizophrenia and degradation of endorphins in cerebrospinal fluid, Lancet 2: 480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burbach, J. P. H., Loeber, J. G., Verhoef, J., Wiegant, V. M., de Kloet, E. R., and de Wied, D., 1980, Selective conversion of 3-endorphin into peptides related to gamma and alpha endorphin, Nature (London) 283: 96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, G. C., Bunney, W. E., Jr., DeFraites, E. G., Kleinman, J. E., van Kammen, D. P., Post, R. M., and Wyatt, R. J., 1977, Intravenous naloxone administration in schizophrenia and affective illness, Science 197: 74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Wied, D., 1969, Effects of peptide hormones on behavior, in: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology ( W. F. Ganong and L. Martini, eds.), p. 97, Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Wied, D., 1978, Psychopathology as a neuropeptide dysfunction, in: Characteristics and Function of Opioids ( J. M. van Ree and L. Terenius, eds.), pp. 113–123, Elsevier/ North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Wied, D., van Wimersma Greidanus, T. B., and Bohus, B., 1974, Pituitary peptides and behavior: Influence on motivational, learning and memory processes, in: Neuropsychopharmacology, Proceedings of the I X Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologium, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Wied, D., Bohus, B., van Ree, J. M., and Urban, I., 1978a, Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of peptides related to lipotropin β-LPH), J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 204: 570.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Wied, D., Bohus, B., van Ree, J. M., Kovacs, G. L., and Greven, H. M., 1978b, Neuroleptic-like activity of [des-Tyr1]-y-endorphin in rats, Lancet 1: 1046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Wied, D., Kovacs, G. L., Bohus, B., van Ree, J. M., and Greven, H. M., 1978c, Neuroleptic activity of the neuropeptide β-LPH62–77 ([des-Tyr1]-γ-endorphin; DTyE) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 49: 427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domschke, W., Dickschas, A., and Mitznegg, P., 1979, CSF β-endorphin in schizophrenia, Lancet 1: 1024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont, A., Villeneuve, A., Bouchard, J. P., Bouchard, R., Mérand, Y., Rouleau, D., and Labrie, F., 1978, Rapid inactivation of enkephalin-like material by CSF in chronic schizophrenia, Lancet 2: 1107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emrich, H. M., Cording, C., Pirée, S., Kölling, A., von Zerssen, D., and Herz, A., 1977, Indication of an antipsychotic action of the opiate antagonist naloxone, Pharmakopsychiatr. Neuro-Psychopharmakol. 10: 265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emrich, H. M., Höllt, V., Kissling, W., Fischler, M., Laspe, H., Heinemann, H., von Zerssen, D., and Hertz, A., 1979, β-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of patients with schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders, Pharmakopsychiatr. Neuro-Psychopharmakol. 12: 269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emrich, H. M., Zandig, M., Kissling, W., Dirlich, G., von Zerssen, D., and Herz, A., 1980, Des-tyrosyl-y-endorphin in schizophrenia: A double-blind trial in 13 patients, Pharmakopsychiatr. 17: 279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emrich, H. M., Zandig, M., von Zerssen, D., Kissling, W., Dirlich, G., and Herz, A., 1981, Action of (Des-Tyr1)-y-endorphin in schizophrenia, Mod. Probl. Pharmacopsychiat. 17: 279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederickson, R. C., 1977, Enkephalin pentapeptides—A review of current evidence for a physiological role in vertebrate neurotransmission, Life Sci 21: 23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gispen, W. H., van Ree, J. M., and de Wied, D., 1977, Lipotropin and the central nervous system, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 20: 209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gitlin, M., and Rosenblatt, M., 1978, Possible withdrawal from endogenous opiates in schizophrenics, Am. J. Psychiatry 135: 377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf, L., Székely, J. I., Ronai, A. Z., Dunai-Kovacs, Z., and Bajusz, S., 1976, Comparative study on analgesic effect of Met5-enkephalin and related lipotropin fragments, Nature (London) 263: 240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guillemin, R., 1977, Endorphins, brain peptides that act like opiates, N. Engl. J. Med. 296: 226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunne, L.-M., Lindström, L., and Terenius, L., 1977, Naloxone-induced reversal of schizophrenic hallucinations, J. Neural Transm. 40: 13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, A., Bläsig, J., Emrich, H. M., Cording, C., Pirée, S., Kölling, A., and von Zersen, D., 1978, Is there some indication from behavioral effects of endorphins for their involvement in psychiatric disorders?, in: Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, Vol. 18 ( E. Costa and M. Trabucchi, eds.), pp. 333–339, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J., Smith, T. W., Kosterlitz, H. W., Fothergill, L. A., Morgan, B. A., and Morris, H. R., 1975, Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity, Nature (London) 258: 577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacquet, Y. F., 1978, Opiate effects after adrenocorticotropin or β-endorphin injection in the periaqueductal gray matter of rats, Science 201: 1032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacquet, Y. F., and Marks, N., 1976, The C-fragment of 13-lipotropin: An endogenous neuroleptic or antipsychotogen?, Science 194: 632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janowsky, D. S., Segal, D. S., Bloom, F., Abrams, A., and Guillemin, R., 1977, Lack of effect of naloxone on schizophrenic symptoms, Am. J. Psychiatry 134: 926.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janowsky, D., Judd, L., Huey, L., Roitman, N., Parker, D., and Segal, D., 1978, Naloxone effects on manic symptoms and growth-hormone levels, Lancet 2: 320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J¢rgensen, A., Fog, R., and Veilis, B., 1979, Synthetic enkephalin analogue in treatment of schizophrenia, Lancet 1: 935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Judd, L. L., Janowsky, D. S., Segal, D. S., Leighton, P. D., and Huey, L., 1978, Nalaxone related attenuation of manic symptoms in certain bipolar depressives, in: Characteristics and Function of Opioids, Vol. 4 ( J. M. van Ree and L. Terenius, eds.) pp. 173–175, Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, N. S., and Lehmann, H. E., 1978, Clinical observations with beta-endorphin injections, Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 14 (3): 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, N. S., Li, C. H., Lehmann, H. E., Lajtha, A., Laski, E., and Cooper, T., 1977, βendorphin-induced changes in schizophrenic and depressed patients, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 34: 1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kurland, A. S., McCabe, O. L., Hanlon, T. E., and Sullivan, D., 1977, The treatment of perceptual disturbances in schizophrenia with naloxone hydrochloride, Am. J. Psychiat. 134: 1408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, H., Nair, N. P., and Kline, N. S., 1979, β-endorphin and naloxone in psychiatric patients; Clinical and biological effects, Am. J. Psychiat. 136: 762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, C. H., 1964, Lipotropin, a new active peptide from pituitary glands, Nature (London) 201: 924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C. H., and Chung, D., 1976, Primary structure of human β-lipotropin, Nature (London) 260: 622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindström, L. H., Widerlöv, E., Gunne, L.-M., Wahlström, A., and Terenius, L., 1978, Endorphins in human cerebrospinal fluid: Clinical correlations to some psychotic states, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 57: 153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, J., Verhoef, J., Burbach, J. P. H., and van Ree, J. M., 1979, Endorphins and related peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid, Abstracts, Acta Endocrinologica Congress, Munich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord, J. A., Waterfield, A. A., Hughes, J., and Kosterlitz, H. W., 1977, Endogenous opioid peptides: Multiple agonists and receptors, Nature (London) 267: 495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manchanda, R., and Hirsch, S. R., 1981, (Des-Tyr1)-y-endorphin in the treatment of schizophrenia, Psychol. Med. 11: 401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W. R., Eades, C. G., Thompson, J. A., Huppler, R. E., and Gilbert, P. E., 1976, The effects of morphine-and nalorphine-like drugs in the non-dependent and morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 197: 517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, D. J., Wolfe, T. L., Akil, H., Cardner, B., and Liebeskind, J. C., 1971, Analgesia from electrical stimulation in the brainstem of the rat, Science 174: 1351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, D. H., and Gallant, D. M., 1977, An oral opiate antagonist in chronic schizophrenia: A pilot study, Am. J. Psychiatry 134: 1430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nedopil, N., and Rüther, E., 1979, Effects of the synthetic analogue of methionine enkephalin FK 33–824 on psychotic symptoms, Pharmakopsychiatr. Neuro-Psychopharmakol. 12: 277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overall, J. E., and Gorham, D. R., 1962, The brief psychiatric rating scale, Psychol. Rep. 10: 799.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pert, C. B., and Snyder, S. H., 1973, Properties of opiate-receptor binding in rat brain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 2243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, D. S., Browne, R. G., Bloom, F., Ling, N., and Guillemin, R., 1977, Endorphin: Endogenous opiate or neuroleptic?, Science 198: 411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, E. J., Miller, J. M., and Edelman, I., 1973, Stereospecific binding of the potent narcotic analgesic [3H]-etorphine to rat brain homogenate, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G. M., Branchey, M. H., and Lee, J. H., 1977, A trial of naltrexone in chronic schizophrenia, Curr. Ther. Res. 22: 909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamminga, C. A., Tighe, P. J., Chase, T. N., de Fraites, E. G., and Schaffer, M. H., 1981, Des-tyrosine’-ry-endorphin administration in chronic schizophrenics, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 38: 167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terenius, L., 1973, Characteristics of the ‘receptor’ for narcotic analgesics in synaptic plasma membrane fraction from rat brain, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 33: 377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terenius, L., and Wahlström, A., 1975, Morphine-like ligand for opiate receptors in human CSF, Life Sci. 16: 1759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terenius, L., Wahlström, A., Lindström, L., and Widerlöv, E., 1976, Increased CSF levels of endorphins in chronic psychosis, Neurosci. Lett. 3: 157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terenius, L., Wahlström, A., and Agren, H., 1977, Naloxone (Narcan) treatment in depression: Clinical observations and effects on CSF endorphins and monoamine metabolites, Psychopharmacologia 54: 31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Praag, H. M., 1976, About the impossible concept of schizophrenia, Compr. Psychiatry 17: 481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Ree, J. M., and de Wied, D., 1979, Endorfinen en hun betekenis voor de psychopathologie, Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 123 (9): 327.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ree, J. M., de Wied, D., Bradbury, A. F., Hulme, E. C., Smyth, D. G., and Snell, C. R., 1976, Induction of tolerance to the analgesic action of lipotropin C-fragment, Nature (London) 264: 792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Ree, J. M., Bohus, B., Versteeg, D. H., and de Wied, D., 1978a, Neurohypophyseal principles and memory processes, Biochem. Pharmacol. 27: 1793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Ree, J. M., Witter, A., and Leysen, J. E., 1978b, Interaction of des-tyrosine-y-endorphin (DTγE; β-LPH 62–77) with neuroleptic binding sites in various areas of rat brain, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 52: 411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Ree, J. M., Verhoeven, W. M. A., van Praag, H. M., and de Wied, D., 1978c, Antipsychotic action of [des-Tyr1]-y-endorphin (β-LPH62–77), in: Characteristics and Function of Opioids ( J. M. van Ree and L. Terenius, eds.), pp. 181–185, Elsevier/NorthHolland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ree, J. M., Bohus, B., and de Wied, D., 1980, Similarity between behavioral effect of the [des-tyrosine]-y-endorphin and haloperiodol and of a-endorphin and amphetamine, in: Endogenous and Exogenous Opiate Agonists and Antagonists ( E. L. Way, ed.), pp. 459–462, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, W. M. A., van Praag, H. M., Botter, P. A., Sunier, A., van Kee, J. M., and de Wied, D., 1978, [Des-Tyr1]-y-endorphin in schizophrenia, Lancet 1: 1046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, W. M. A., van Praag, H. M., van Ree, J. M., and de Wied, D., 1979a, Improvement of schizophrenic patients treated with [des-Tyr1]-y-endorphin (DTyE), Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 36: 294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, W. M. A., de Jong, J. T. V. M., and van Praag, H. M., 1979b, The effects of naloxone on psychotic symptoms, Proceedings of the 20th Dutch Federation Meeting, p. 435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, W. M. A., van Praag, H. M., and de Jong, J. T. V. M., 1981a, The use of naloxone in schizophrenic psychoses and manic syndromes, Neuropsychobiology 7: 159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, W. M. A., Westenberg, H. G. M., Gerritsen, A. W., van Praag, H. M., Thijssen, J. H. H., Schwarz, F., van Ree, J. M., and de Wied, D., 1981b, (Des-Tyrosine)-gammaendorphin in schizophrenia: Clinical, biochemical, and hormonal aspects, Psychiatry Res. 5: 293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Versteeg, D. H., de Kloet, E. R., and de Wied, D., 1979, Effects of a-endorphin, β-endorphin and [des-Tyr1]-γ-endorphin on α-MT-induced catecholamine disappearance in discrete regions of the rat brain, Brain Res. 179: 85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volavka, J., Mallya, A., Baig, S., and Perez-Cruet, J., 1977, Naloxone in schizophrenia, Science 196: 1227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, S. J., Berger, P. A., Akil, H., Mills, M. J., and Barchas, J. D., 1978, Effects of naloxone on schizophrenia: Reduction in hallucinations in a subpopulation of subjects, Science 201: 73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E., and Sartorius, N., 1975, The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms, Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Verhoeven, W.M.A., van Praag, H.M. (1982). Endorphins in Psychiatric Research and Treatment. In: Shah, N.S., Donald, A.G. (eds) Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1119-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1119-5_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1121-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1119-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics