Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Hypercalciurias

  • Chapter
Calcium Urolithiasis

Part of the book series: Topics in Bone and Mineral Disorders ((TOHE))

Abstract

Hypercalciuria is probably the most common biochemical abnormality in patients with Ca urolithiasis.1–3 Although reported estimates vary, hypercalciuria may be found in the majority of patients suffering from Ca stones. Because of this high incidence, the excessive renal excretion of Ca has been considered to be etiologically important in stone formation. Thus, considerable work has been directed toward the delineation of pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of hypercalciuria.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Pak, C. Y. C., Barilla, D., Bone, H., and Northcutt, C. 1977. Medical management of renal calculi. In New Concepts in Endocrinology and Metabolism. L. I. Rose and R. L. Levine, Eds. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 97–106.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hodgkinson, A., and Pyrah, L. N. 1958. The urinary calcium and inorganic phosphate in 344 patients with calcium stone of renal origin. Br. J. Surg. 46: 10–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pak, C. Y. C., Ohata, M., Lawrence, E. C., and Snyder, W. 1974. The hypercalciurias: Causes, parathyroid functions and diagnostic criteria. J. Clin. Invest. 54: 387–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pak, C. Y. C. 1969. Physiochemical basis for the formation of renal stones of calcium phosphate origin: Calculation of the degree of saturation of urine with respect to brushite. J. Clin. Invest. 48: 1914–1922.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Pak, C. Y. C., and Holt, K. 1976. Nucleation and growth of brushite and calcium oxalate in urine of stone-formers. Metabolism 25: 665–673.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Czekalski, S., Loreau, N., Paillard, F., Ardaillou, R., Fillastre, J.-P., and Mallet, E. 1974. Effect of bovine parathyroid hormone 1–34 fragment on renal production and excretion of adenosine 3’,5’ monophosphate in man. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 4: 85–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pak, C. Y. C., Cox, J. W., Powell, E., and Bartter, F. C. 1971. Effect of the oral administration of ammonium chloride, sodium phosphate, cellulose phosphate and parathyroid extract on the activity product of brushite in urine. Am. J. Med. 50: 67–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Robertson, W. G., Peacock, M., and Nordin, B. E. C. 1971. Calcium oxalate crystalluria and urine saturation in recurrent renal stone-formers. Clin. Sci. 40: 365–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Parfitt, A. M., Higgins, B. A., Nassim, J. R., Collins, J. A., and Hilb, A. 1964. Metabolic studies in patients with hypercalciuria. Clin. Sci. 27: 463–482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Murphy, G. P., and Schirmer, H. K. 1961. Nephrocalcinosis, urolithiasis and renal insufficiency in sarcoidosis. J. Urol. 86: 702–706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Forbes, A. P., and Dempsey, E. 1963. Nephrolithiasis Diseases of the Kidney. M. B. Strauss and L. G. Welt, Eds. Little, Brown, Boston, pp. 714–727.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kaplan, R. A., Snyder, W. H., Stewart, A., and Pak, C. Y. C. 1976. Metabolic effects of parathyroidectomy in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 42: 415–426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Howard, J. E., Thomas, W. C., Jr., Mukai, T., Johnston, R. A., Jr., and Pascoe, B. J. 1962. The calcification of cartilage by urine, and a suggestion for therapy in patients with certain kinds of calculi. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 75: 301–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Smith, L. H., Meyer, J. L., and McCall, J. T. 1973. Chemical nature of crystal inhibitors isolated from human urine. In Urinary Calculi: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Renal Stone Research, Madrid, 1972. L. Cifiientes Delatte, A. Rapado, and A. Hodgkinson, Eds. S. Karger, Basel and New York, pp. 318–327.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Takasaki, E. 1972. The magnesium:calcium ratio in the concentrated urines of patients with calcium oxalate calculi. Invest. Urol. 10: 147–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Mcintosh, H. W., and Seraglia, M. 1963. Urinary excretion of calcium and citrate in normal individuals and stone formers with variation in calcium intake. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 89: 1242–1243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Revusova, V., Zvara, V., and Gratzlova, J. 1973. Urinary zinc excretion in patients with urolithiasis. Urol. Int. 28: 72–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Robertson, W. G., Knowles, F., and Peacock, M. 1976. Urinary acid mucopolysaccharide inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization. In Urolithiasis Research. H. Fleisch, W. G. Robertson, L. H. Smith, and W. Vahlensieck, Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 331–334.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Fleisch, H. 1977. Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Finlayson, B., and Roth, R. 1973. Appraisal of calcium oxalate solubility in sodium chloride and sodium-calcium chloride solutions. Urology 1: 142–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Williams, H. E., 1976. Oxalic acid: Absorption, excretion and metabolism. In Urolithiasis Research. H. Fleisch, W. G. Robertson, L. H. Smith, and W. Vahlensieck, Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 181–188.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  22. Earnest, D. L., Williams, H. E., and Admirand, W. H. 1975. A physicochemical basis for treatment of enteric hyperoxaluria. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 88: 224–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pak, C. Y. C., East, C., Sanzenbacher, L. J., Delea, C. S., and Bartter, F. C. 1972. Gastrointestinal calcium absorption in nephrolithiasis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 35: 261–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Pak, C. Y. C. 1976. Idiopathic renal lithiasis: New developments in evaluation and treatment. In Urolithiasis Research. H. Fleisch, W. G. Robertson, L. H. Smith, and W. Vahlensieck, Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 213–224.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  25. Nordin, B. E. C., Peacock, M., and Wilkinson, R. 1972. Hypercalciuria and calcium stone disease. In Clinics in Endocrinol, and Metabolism. I. Mclntyre, Ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 169–183.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Coe, F. L., Canterbury, J. M., Firpo, J. J., and Reiss, E. 1973. Evidence for secondary hyperparathyroidism in idiopathic hypercalciuria. J. Clin. Invest. 52: 134–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Agus, Z. S., Gardner, L. B., Beck, L. H., and Goldberg, M. 1973. Effects of parathyroid hormone on renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, sodium, and phosphate. Am. J. Physiol. 224: 1143–1148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pak, C. Y. C., Kaplan, R. A., Bone, H., Townsend, J., and Waters, O. 1975. A simple test for the diagnosis of absorptive, resorptive, and renal hypercalciurias. N. Engl. J. Med. 292: 497–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Barilla, D., Tolentino, R., Kaplan, R. A., and Pak, C. Y. C. Selective effect of thiazide on the intestinal absorption of calcium in absorptive and renal hypercalciurias. Metabolism. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Henneman, P. H., Benedict, P. H., Forbes, A. P., and Dudley, H. R. 1958. Idiopathic hypercalciuria. N. Engl. J. Med. 259: 802–807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Nordin, B. E. C., Peacock, M., and Marshall, D. H. 1976. Calcium excretion and hypercalciuria. In Urolithiasis Research. H. Fleisch, W. G. Robertson, L. H. Smith, and W. Vahlensieck, Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 101–115.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  32. Shen, F., Baylink, D., Nielson, R., Hughes, M., and Haussler, M. 1975. Increased serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (l,25-diOHD3) in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH). Clin. Res. 23A: 423.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lemann, J., Gray, R. W., and Dominguez, J. H. 1976. 25-OH-vitamin D metabolism in calcium stone formers. In Urolithiasis Research. H. Fleisch, W. G. Robertson, L. H. Smith, and W. Vahlensieck, Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 467–472.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Albright, F., Henneman, P., Benedict, P. H., and Forbes, A. P., 1953. Idiopathic hypercalciuria. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 13: 860.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Liberman, U. A., Sperling, O., Atsmon, A., Frank, M., Modan, M., and deVries, A. 1968. Metabolic and calcium kinetics studies in idiopathic hypercalciuria. J. Clin. Invest. 47: 2580–2590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Edwards, N. A., and Hodgkinson, A. 1965. Metabolic studies in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Clin. Sei. 29: 143–157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Peacock, M., Hodgkinson, A., and Nordin, B. E. C. 1967. Importance of dietary calcium in the definition of hypercalciuria. Br. Med. J. 3: 469–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dent, C. E., Harper, M., and Parfitt, A. M. 1964. The effect of cellulose phosphate on calcium metabolism in patients with hypercalciuria. Clin. Sei. 27: 417–425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Peacock, M., and Nordin, B. E. C. 1968. Tubular reabsorption of calcium in normal and hypercalciuric subjects. J. Clin. Pathol. 21: 353–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Finn, W. F., Cerilli, G. J., and Ferris, T. F. 1970. Transplantation of a kidney from a patient with idiopathic hypercalciuria. N. Engl. J. Med. 283: 1450–1451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pronove, P., Bell, N. H., and Bartter, F. C. 1961. Production of hypercalciuria by phosphorus deprivation on a low calcium intake: A new clinical test for hyperparathyroidism. Metabolism 10: 364–371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pak, C. Y. C. 1972. Effects of cellulose phosphate and of sodium phosphate on the formation product and activity product of brushite in urine. Metabolism 21: 447–453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Wills, M. R., Gill, J. R., Jr., and Bartter, F. C. 1969. The interrelationships of calcium and sodium excretions. Clin. Sei. (Oxford) 37: 621–630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. McCance, R. A., Widdowson, E. M., and Lehmann, H. 1942. The effect of protein intake on the absorption of calcium and magnesium. Biochem. J. 36: 686–691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Murad, F., and Pak, C. Y. C. 1972. Urinary excretion of adenosine 3’,5’- monophosphate and guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate. N. Engl. J. Med. 286: 1382–1387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Shaw, J. W., Oldham, S. B., Rosoff, L., Bethune, J. E., and Fichman, M. P. 1977. Urinary cyclic AMP analyzed as a function of the serum calcium and parathyroid hormone in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia. J. Clin. Invest. 59: 14–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Arnaud, C. D., Hang, S. T., and Littledike, T. 1971. Radioimmunoassay of human parathyroid hormone in serum. J. Clin. Invest. 50: 21–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Reiss, E., and Canterbury, J. M. 1969. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Application of radioimmunoassay to differentiation of adenoma and hyperplasia and to preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. N. Engl. J. Med. 280: 1381–1385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bell, N. H., Gill, J. R., Jr., and Bartter, F. C. 1964. On the abnormal calcium absorption in sarcoidosis. Am. J. Med. 36: 500–513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lemann, J., Jr., Litzow, J. R., and Lennon, E. J. 1967. Studies of the mechanism by which chronic metabolic acidosis augments urinary calcium excretion in man. J. Clin. Invest. 46: 1318–1328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kaplan, R. A., Haussler, M. R., Deftos, L. J., Bone, H., and Pak, C. Y. C. The role of la,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in the mediation of intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism and absorptive hypercalciuria. J. Clin. Invest. 59: 756–760.

    Google Scholar 

  52. McGeown, M. D. 1960. Heredity in renal stone disease. Clin. Sci. 19: 465–471.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Resnick, M., Pridgen, D. B., and Goodman, H. O. 1968. Genetic disposition to formation of calcium oxalate renal calculi. N. Engl. J. Med. 278: 1313–1318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Haussler, M. R., Bursac, K. M., Bone, H., and Pak, C. Y. C. 1975. Increased circulating 1 a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin. Res. 23: 322A.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Garabedian, M., Holick, M. F., DeLuca, H. F., and Boyle, I. T. 1973. Control of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol metabolism by parathyroid glands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69: 1673–1676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Hughes, M. R., Brumbaugh, P. F., Haussler, M. R., Wergedal, J. E., and Baylink, D. J. 1975. Regulation of serum la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by calcium and phosphate in the rat. Science 190: 578–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Pak, C. Y. C. 1973. Sodium cellulose phosphate: Mechanism of action and effect on mineral metabolism. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 13: 15–27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hayashi, Y., Kaplan, R. A., and Pak, C. Y. C. 1975. Effect of sodium cellulose phosphate therapy on crystallization of calcium oxalate in urine. Metabolism 24: 1273–1278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Marshall, R. W., and Barry, H. 1972. Urine saturation and the formation of calcium-containing renal calculi: The effects of various forms of therapy. In Urinary Calculi: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Renal Stone Research, Madrid, 1972. L. Cifuentes Delatte, A. Rapado, and A. Hodgkinson, Eds. Karger, Basel and New York, pp. 164–169.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rapado, A., Delatte, L. C., Villarino, J. A., and Sanchez-Martin, J. A. 1970. Treatment of idiopathic hypercalciuria with sodium cellulose phosphate. Rev. Clin. Esp. 119: 61–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Rose, A. G., and Harrison, A. R. 1974. The incidence, investigation, and treatment of idiopathic hypercalciuria. Br. J. Urol. 46: 261–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Blacklock, N. J., and MacLeod, M. A. 1974. The effect of cellulose phosphate on intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of calcium. Br. J. Urol. 46: 385–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Pak, C. Y. C., Delea, C. S., and Bartter, F. C. 1974. Successful treatment of recurrent nephrolithiasis (calcium stones) with cellulose phosphate. N. Engl. J. Med. 290: 175–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Pak, C. Y. C., Wortsman, J., Bennett, J. E., Delea, C. S., and Bartter, F. C. 1968. Control of hypercalcemia with cellulose phosphate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 28: 1829–1832.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Yendt, E. R., Guay, G. F., and Garcia, D. A. 1970. The use of thiazides in the prevention of renal calculi. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 102: 614–620.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lamberg, B. A., and Kuhlback, B. 1959. Effect of chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide on the excretion of calcium in the urine. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 11: 351–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Middler, S., Pak, C. Y. C., Murad, F., and Bartter, F. C. 1973. Thiazide diuretics and calcium metabolism. Metabolism 22: 139–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Brickman, A. S., Massry, S. G., and Coburn, J. W. 1972. Changes in serum and urinary calcium during treatment with hydrochlorothiazide: Studies on mechanisms. J. Clin. Invest. 51: 945–954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pak, C. Y. C. 1973. Hydrochlorothiazide therapy in nephrolithiasis: Effect on urinary activity product and formation product of brushite. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 14: 209–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pak, C. Y. C., Ruskin, B., and Diller, E. 1972. Enhancement of renal excretion of zinc by hydrochlorothiazide. Clin. Chim. Acta 39: 511–517.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Cohanim, M., and Yendt, E. R. 1975. The effects of thiazides on serum and urinary zinc in patients with renal calculi. Johns Hopkins Med. J. 136: 137–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Pickelman, J., Payloyan, F., Forland, M., and Strauss, F. H. 1968. Thiazide induced parathyroid stimulation. Clin. Res. 16: 468.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Costanzo, L. S., Moses, A. M., Janardhana Rao, K., and Weiner, I. M. 1975. Dissociation of calcium and sodium clearances in patients with hypoparathyroidism by infusion of chlorothiazide. Metabolism 24: 1367–1373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Costanzo, L. S., and Weiner, I. M. 1974. On the hypocalciuric action of chlorothiazide. J. Clin. Invest. 54: 628–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Woelfel, A., Kaplan, R. A., and Pak, C. Y. C. 1977. Effect of hydrochlorothiazide therapy on the crystallization of calcium oxalate in urine. Metabolism 26: 201–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gursel, E. 1970. Effects of diuretics on renal and intestinal handling of calcium. N. Y. State J. Med. 70: 399–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Duarte, C. G., Winnacker, J. L., Becker, K. L., and Pace, A. 1971. Thiazide-induced hypercalcemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 284: 828–830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Parfitt, A. M. 1969. Chlorothiazide-induced hypercalcemia in juvenile osteoporosis and hyperparathyroidism. N. Engl. J. Med. 281: 55–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Banks, P. A. 1971. Acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 61: 382–397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Forland, M., Strandjord, N. M., Paloyan, E., and Cox, A. 1968. Bone density studies in primary hyperparathyroidism. Arch. Intern. Med. 122: 236–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fleisch, H., Bisaz, S., and Care, A. D. 1964. Effect of orthophosphate on urinary pyrophosphate excretion and the prevention of urolithiasis. Lancet 1: 1065–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Reiss, E., Canterbury, J. M., Bercovitz, M. A., and Kaplan, E. L. 1970. The role of phosphate in the secretion of parathyroid hormone in man. J. Clin. Invest. 40: 2146–2149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Smith, L. H., Thomas, W. C., Jr., and Arnaud, C. D. 1972. Orthophosphate therapy in calcium renal lithiasis. In Urinary Calculi: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Renal Stone Research, Madrid, 1972. L. Cifuentes Delatte, A. Rapado, and A. Hodgkinson, Eds. Karger, Basel and New York, pp. 188–197.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Raisz, L. G., and Niemann, I. 1969. Effect of phosphate, calcium and magnesium on bone resorption and hormonal responses in tissue culture. Endocrinology 85: 446–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Spaulding, S. W., and Walser, M. 1970. Treatment of experimental hypercalcemia with oral phosphate. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 31: 531–538.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Dudley, F. J., and Blackburn, C. R. B. 1970. Extraskeletal calcification complicating oral neutralphosphate therapy. Lancet 2: 628–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Pak, C. Y. C. 1977. Idiopathic hypercalciuria. In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 81: Phosphate Metabolism. S. G. Massry and E. Ritz, Eds. Plenum, New York, pp. 309–317.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Bernstein, D. S., and Newton, R. 1966. The effect of oral sodium phosphate on the formation of renal calculi and on idiopathic hypercalciuria. Lancet 2: 1105–1107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Ettinger, B., and Kolb, F. 1973. Inorganic phosphate treatment of nephrolithiasis. Am. J. Med. 55: 32–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ettinger, B. 1976. Recurrent nephrolithiasis: Natural history and effect of phosphate therapy. A double-blind control study. Am. J. Med. 61: 200–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Jowsey, J., Reiss, E., and Canterbury, J. M. 1974. Longterm effects of high phosphate intake on parathyroid hormone levels and bone metabolism. Acta Orthop. Scand. 45: 801–808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Goldsmith, R. S., Jowsey, J., Dube, W. J., Riggs, B. L., Arnaud, C. D., and Kelly, P. J. 1976. Effects of phosphorus supplementation on serum parathyroid hormone and bone morphology in osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43: 523–532.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Francis, M. D. 1969. The inhibition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal growth by polyphosphonates and polyphosphates. Calcif. Tissue Res. 3: 151–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Michael, W. R., King, W. R., and Wakim, J. M. 1972. Metabolism of disodium ethane-l-hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonate (disodium etidronate) in the rat, rabbit, dog and monkey. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 21: 503–515.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Ohata, M., and Pak, C. Y. C. 1974. Preliminary study of the treatment of nephrolithiasis (calcium stones) with diphosphonate. Metabolism 23: 1167–1173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Recker, R. R., Hassing, G. S., Lau, J. R., and Saville, P. D. 1973. The hyperphosphatemic effect of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP™): Renal handling of phosphorus and the renal response to parathyroid hormone. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 81: 258–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kaplan R. A., Geho, W. B., Poindexter, C., Haussler, M., Dietz, G. W., and Pak, C. Y. C. Metabolic effects of diphosphonate in primary hyperparathyroidism. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 17: 410–419.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Hill, L. F., Lumb, G. A., Mawer, E. B., and Stanbury, S. W. 1973. Indirect inhibition of the biosynthesis of 1,25–dihydroxycholecalciferol in rats treated with a diphosphonate. Clin. Sci. 44: 335–347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ohata, M., and Pak, C. Y. C. 1973. The effect of diphosphonate on calcium phosphate crystallization in urine in vitro. Kidney Int. 4: 401–406.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Fraser, D., Russell, R. G. G., Pohler, O., Robertson, W. G., and Fleisch, H. 1972. The influence of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on the development of experimentally induced urinary stones in rats. Clin. Sci. 42: 197–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Pak, C. Y. C., Ohata, M., and Holt, K. 1975. Effect of diphosphonate on crystallization of calcium oxalate in vitro. Kidney Int. 7: 154–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Robertson, W. G., Peacock, M., Marshall, R. W., and Knowles, F. 1974. The effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on calcium oxalate crystalluria in recurrent renal stone-formers. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med. 27: 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Pak, C. Y. C. 1977. Physicochemical and clinical aspects of nephrolithiasis. Proceedings of an International Colloquium on Renal Lithiasis. B. Finlayson and W. C. Thomas, Jr., Eds. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, pp. 257–275.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Francis, M. D., Russell, R. G. G., and Fleisch, H. 1969. Diphosphonates inhibit formation of calcium phosphate crystals in vitro and pathological calcification in vivo. Science 165: 1264–1266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Bone, H., Britton, F., and Pak, C. Y. C. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Jowsey, J., Holley, K. E., and Lemann, J. W. 1970. Effect of sodium etidronate on adult cats. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 76: 126–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Sutor, D. J. 1969. Growth studies of calcium oxalate in the presence of various ions and compounds. Br. J. Urol. 41: 171–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Meyer, J. L., and Smith, L. H. 1975. Growth of calcium oxalate crystals. II. Inhibition by natural urinary crystal growth inhibitors. Invest. Urol. 13: 36–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Fetner, C., Barilla, D. E., and Pak, C. Y. C. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Barilla, D. E., Notz, C., Kennedy, D., and Pak, C. Y. C. Renal oxalate excretion following oral oxalate loads in patients with ileal disease and with renal and absorptive hypercalciurias: Effect of calcium and magnesium. Am. J. Med. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Hammersten, G. 1956. Etiologic Factor in Renal Lithiasis. A. J. Pruitt, Ed. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 96.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Dobbins, J. W., and Binder, H. J. 1977. Importance of the colon in enteric hyperoxaluria. N. Engl. J. Med. 296: 298–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Clark, I. 1969. Effects of magnesium on calcium and phosphate metabolism in parathyroidectomized rats. Endocrinology 85: 1103–1113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Pak, C. Y. C., and Diller, E. C. 1969. Ionic interaction with bone mineral. V. Effect of Mg2+, citrate3-, F-, and S042- on the solubility, dissolution and growth of bone mineral. Calcif. Tissue Res. 4: 69–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Chase, L. R., and Slatopolsky, E. 1974. Secretion and metabolic efficacy of parathyroid hormone in patients with severe hypomagnesemia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 38: 363–371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Pak, C. Y. C. 1973. Calcareous renal stones. Medcom Famous Teaching in Medicine. Medcom, New York, pp. 1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Murphy, F. J., Zelman, S., and Mau, W. 1965. Ascorbic acid as a urinary acidifying agent. 2. Its adjunctive role in chronic urinary infection. J. Urol. 94: 300–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Murphy, F. J., and Zelman, S. 1965. Ascorbic acid as a urinary acidifying agent. 1. Comparison with the ketogenic effect of fasting. J. Urol. 94: 297–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. McDonald, D. F., and Murphy, G. P. 1959. Bacteriostatic and acidifying effects of methionine, hydrolyzed casein and ascorbic acid on the urine. N. Engl. J. Med. 261: 803–805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Pauling, L. 1970. Vitamin C and the Common Cold. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Coulehan, J. L., Reisinger, K. S., Rogers, K. D., and Bradley, D. W. 1974. Vitamin C prophylaxis in a boarding school. N. Engl. J. Med. 290: 6–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Karlowski, T. R., Chalmers, T. C., Frenkel, L. D., Kapikian, A. Z., Lewis, T. L., and Lynch, J. M. 1975. Ascorbic acid for the common cold: A prophylactic and therapeutic trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 231: 1038–1042.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Coulehan, J. L., Eberhard, S., Kapner, L., Taylor, F., Rogers, K., and Garry, P. 1976. Vitamin C and acute illness in Navajo school children. N. Engl. J. Med. 295: 973–977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lamden, M. P., and Chrystowski, G. A. 1954. Urinary oxalate excretion by man following ascorbic acid ingestion. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 85: 190–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Takenouchi, K., Aso, K., Kawase, K., Ichikawa, H., and Shiomi, T. 1966. On the metabolites of ascorbic acid, especially oxalic acid, eliminated in urine, following the administration of large amounts of ascorbic acid. J. Vitaminol. 12: 49–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Takiguchi, H., Furuyama, S., and Shimazono, N. 1966. Urinary oxalic acid excretion by man following ingestion of large amounts of ascorbic acid. J. Vitaminol. 12: 307–312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Briggs, M. H., Garcia-Webb, P., and Davies, P. 1973. Urinary oxalate and vitamin-C supplements. Lancet 2: 201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Pak, C. Y. C. 1972. Nephrolithiasis (Ca-containing). Acta Endocrinol. Panam. 3: 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, USA

    Charles Y. C. Pak M.D.

Authors
  1. Charles Y. C. Pak M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pak, C.Y.C. (1978). Hypercalciurias. In: Calcium Urolithiasis. Topics in Bone and Mineral Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2451-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2451-5_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2453-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2451-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation