Skip to main content

Taphonomic Feedback Ecological Consequences of Shell Accumulation

  • Chapter
Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities

Part of the book series: Topics in Geobiology ((TGBI,volume 3))

Abstract

Sequential changes in benthic community composition have frequently been attributed by marine ecologists and paleontologists to autogenic ecologic succession in the classical sense: a biotically driven process leading to the establishment of a stable climax or mature community (Margalef, 1968; Odum, 1969). In recent years, however, the concepts of deterministic autogenic succession have been modified and supplemented by a greater recognition of the roles of stochastic colonization and of biogenic and physical disturbance in structuring ecological communities in time and space (Colinvaux, 1973; Drury and Nisbet, 1973; Sutherland, 1974, 1981; Horn, 1974, 1976; Connell and Slayter, 1977; Connell, 1978; Lubchenco, 1978; Sousa, 1979a, 1980; White, 1979; Paine and Levin, 1981). Paleontologists have also begun to adopt a more critical approach, recognizing the many processes, both biotic and abiotic, that serve as driving mechanisms for sequential faunal changes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, B. M., 1976, Origin and evolution of bioherms in Wenlock Limestone (Silurian) of Shropshire, England, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 60: 2117–2127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. E., Frenzel, H. N., Rhodes, M. L., and Johnson, D. P., 1951, Starved Pennsylvanian Midland Basin, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull 35: 2600–2607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Achituv, Y., and Klepal, W., 1982, Distribution and density of Ibla cumingi (Crustacea, Cirripedia) from the Gulf of Elat (Red Sea), Mar. Ecol. 2: 295–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Addicott, W. O., 1963, An unusual occurrence of Tresus nuttalli (Conrad, 1937) (Mollusca: Pelecypoda), Veliger 5: 143–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aepler, R., 1974, Der Rhätsandstein von Tübingen—ein kondensiertes Delta, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 147: 113–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aepler, R., and Reif, W.-E., 1971, Origin of bone beds, Abstr. VIII Int. Sedimentol. Congr. Heidelberg p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ager, D. V., 1961, The epifauna of a Devonian spiriferid, Q. J. Geol. Soc. London 117: 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ager, D. V., 1974, Storm deposits in the Jurassic of the Moroccan High Atlas, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 15: 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aigner, T., 1979, Schill-Tempestite im Oberen Muschelkalk (Trias, NW Germany), Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 157: 326–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aigner, T., 1980a, Biofacies and stratinomy of the lower Kimmeridge Clay (U. Jurassic, Dorset, England), Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 159: 324–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aigner, T., 1980b, Storm deposits as a tool in facies analysis. I. Calcareous tempestites, Int. Assoc. Sedimentol., 1st Eur. Meet. Mochum. 1980 pp. 44–46 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Aigner, T., 1982a, Calcareous tempestites: Storm-dominated stratification in upper Muschelkalk limestones (Triassic, SW-Germany), in: Cyclic and Event Stratification ( G. Einsele and A. Seilacher, eds.), pp. 180–198, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aigner, T., 1982b, Event-stratification in nummulite accumulations and in shell beds from the Eocene of Egypt, in: Cyclic and Event Stratification ( G. Einsele and A. Seilacher, eds.), pp. 248–262, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aigner, T., and Reineck, H.-E., 1982, Proximality trends in modern storm sands from the Helgoland Bight (North Sea) and their implications for basin analysis, Senckenbergiana maritima 14: 183–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberstadt, L. P., and Walker, K. R., 1976, A receptaculitid–echinoderm pioneer community in a Middle Ordovician reef, Lethaia 9: 261–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberstadt, L. P., Walker, K. R., and Zurawski, R. P., 1974, Patch reefs in the Carters Limestone (Middle Ordovician) in Tennessee, and vertical zonation in Ordovician reefs, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85: 1171–1182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, R. R., 1977, Growth, morphology, and ecology of Paleozoic and Mesozoic op- portunistic species of brachiopods from Idaho—Utah, J. Paleontol. 51: 1133–1149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexandersson, E. T., 1972, Micritization of carbonate particles: Processes of precipitation and dissolution in modern shallow-marine sediment, Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala N.S. 3: 201–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandersson, E. T., 1979, Marine maceration of skeletal carbonates in the Skagerrak, North Sea, Sedimentology 26: 845–852.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aller, R. C., 1982, Carbonate dissolution in nearshore terrigenous muds: The role of physical and biological reworking, J. Geol. 90: 79–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amio, M., 1963, A comparative embryology of marine gastropods, with ecological considerations, J. Shimonoseki Univ. Fish. 12: 229–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, P. B., 1979, Notes on a sediment map for South Otago continental shelf, N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 13: 309–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anstey, R. L., and Fowler, M. L., 1969, Lithostratigraphy and deposition environment of the Eden Shale (Ordovician) in the tri-state area of Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, J. Geol. 77: 668–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Antia, D. D. J., 1979, Bone-beds: A review of their classification, occurrence, genesis, diagenesis, geochemistry, palaeoecology, weathering, and microbiotas, Mercian Geol. 7: 93–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnaud, P. M., and Thomassin, B. A., 1976, First records and adaptive significance of boring into a free-living scleratinian coral (Heteropsammia michelini) by a date mussel (Lithophaga lessepsiana), Veliger 18: 367–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahr, L. M., and Lanier, W. P., 1981, The ecology of intertidal oyster reefs of the South Atlantic coast: A community profile, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-81/15, Office of Biological Services, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, G. C., 1981, Submarine erosion on a gentle paleoslope: A study of two discontinuities in the New York Devonian, Lethaia 14: 105–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, G. C., and Brett, C. E., 1981, Submarine discontinuities and sedimentary condensation in the upper Hamilton Group (Middle Devonian): Examination of marine shelf and paleoslope deposits in the Cayuga Valley, in: Guidebook for Fieldtrips in South-Central New York (P. Enos, ed.), pp. 115–145, N.Y. State Geol. Assoc. 53rd Annu. Meet., Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baird, R. H., 1966, Notes on an escallop (Pecten maximus) population in Holyhead Harbour, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 46: 33–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batuk, W., and Radwânski, A., 1977, Organic communities and facies development of the Korytnica Basin (Middle Miocene; Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland), Acta Geol. Pol. 27: 85–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannerjee, I., 1981, Storm lags and related facies of the bioclastic limestones of the Eze-Aku Formation (Turonian), Nigeria, Sediment. Geol. 30: 133–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrell, J., 1917, Rhythms and the measurement of geologic time, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 28: 745–904.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basan, P. B., and Frey, R. W., 1977, Actual-palaeontology and neoichnology of salt marshes near Sapelo Island, Georgia, in: Trace Fossils 2 ( T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper, eds.), pp. 41–70, Seel House Press, Liverpool.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner, R. A., 1971, Principles of Chemical Sedimentology, McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beu, A. G., 1978, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of large New Zealand Pliocene Pectinidae (Phialopecten and Mesopeplum), N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 21: 243–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boekschoten, G. J., 1966, Shell borings of sessile epibiontic organisms as palaeoecological guides (with examples from the Dutch coast), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2: 333–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosence, D. W. J., 1979, Live and dead faunas from coralline algal gravels, Co. Galway, Palaeontology 22: 449–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottjer, D. J., 1981, Periostracum of the gastropod Fusitriton oregonensis: Natural inhibitor of boring and encrusting organisms, Bull. Mar. Sci. 31: 916–921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottjer, D. J., 1982a, Morphology and function of projecting periostracal structures in the Gastropoda (Mollusca), Proc. 3rd North Am. Paleontol. Cony. 1: 51–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottjer, D. J., 1982b, Paleoecology of epizoans and borings on some Upper Cretaceous chalk oysters from the Gulf Coast, Lethaia 15: 75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottjer, D. J., and Carter, J. G., 1980, Functional and phylogenetic significance of projecting periostracal structures in the Bivalvia (Mollusca), J. Paleontol. 54: 200–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucot, A. J., 1975, Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brasier, M. D., and Brasier, C. J., 1978, Littoral and fluviatile facies in the “Kellaways Beds” on the Market Weighton Swell, Proc. Yorkshire Geol. Soc. 42: 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bray, R. G., 1972, The paleoecology of some Ludlowville brachiopod clusters (Middle Devonian), Erie County, New York, Proc. 24th Int. Geol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenchley, G. A., 1981a, Limiting resources and the limits to reproduction in the “mud” snail Ilyanassa obsoleta in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts, Biol. Bull. 161: 323 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenchley, G. A., 1981b, Disturbance and community structure: An experimental study, J. Mar. Res. 39: 767–790.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenchley, G. A., 1982, Mechanisms of spatial competition in marine soft-bottom communities, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 60: 17–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, R. L., and Davies, D. K., 1973, Storm-generated coquinoid sandstone: Genesis of high-energy marine sediments from the Upper Jurassic of Wyoming and Montana, J. Sediment. Petrol. 84: 1685–1698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretsky, P. W., and Bretsky, S. S., 1975, Succession and repetition of Late Ordovician fossil assemblages from the Nicolet River Valley, Quebec, Paleobiology 1: 225–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, P. H., 1975, The transgression of a hard substrate shelf: The Llandovery (Lower Silurian) of the Welsh Borderland, J. Sediment. Petrol. 45: 79–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bromley, R. G., 1970, Borings as trace fossils and Entobia cretacea Portlock, as an example, in: Trace Fossils ( T. P. Crimes and J. C. Harper, eds.), pp. 49–90, Seel House Press, Liverpool.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brun, E., 1968, Extreme population density of the starfish Asterias rubens L. on a bed of Iceland scallop, Chlamys islandica (O. F. Muller), Astarte 1 (32): 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, J. B., 1958, The bottom fauna communities across the continental shelf off Accra, Ghana (Gold Coast), Proc. Zool. Soc. London 130: 1–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, J. B., Sheader, M., and Kingston, P. F., 1978, Sources of variability in the benthic macrofauna off the south Northumberland coast, 1971–1976, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 58: 191–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, L. W., 1979, Habitat selection, directional growth and spatial refuges: Why colonial animals have more hiding places, in: Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms ( G. P. Larwood and B. R. Rosen, eds.), pp. 459–497, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cabioch, L., 1968, Contributions à la conaissance des peuplements benthiques de la Manche occidentale, Cah. Biol. Mar. 9: 439–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadée, G. C., 1968, Molluscan biocoenoses and thantocoenoses in the Ria de Arosa, Galicia, Spain, Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. Leiden 95: 1–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, A. G., Jr., 1972, Ecological observations on the benthic invertebrates from the central Oregon continental shelf, in: The Columbia River Estuary and Adjacent Waters ( A. T. Pruter and D. L. Alverson, eds.), pp. 422–443, University of Washington Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carriker, M. R., Smith, E. H., and Wilce, R. T. (eds.), 1969, Penetration of calcium carbonate substrates by lower plants and invertebrates, Am. Zool. 9:629–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, L., 1975, Sedimentation on the continental terrace around New Zealand: A review, Mar. Geol. 19: 209–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chave, K. E., 1964, Skeletal durability and preservation, in: Approaches to Paleoecology ( J. Imbrie and N. D. Newell, eds.), pp. 377–387, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, W. E., Shattuck, G. B., and Dall, W. H., 1904, The Miocene deposits of Maryland, Miocene Volume, Maryland Geological Survey, pp. xxi-clv.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifton, H. E., and Boggs, S., Jr., 1970, Concave-up pelecypod (Psephidia) shells in shallow marine sand, Elk River Beds, southwestern Oregon, J. Sediment. Petrol. 40: 888–897.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. M., and Gagliano, S. M., 1965, Sedimentary structures: Mississippi River deltaic plain, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 12: 133–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colinvaux, P. A., 1973, Introduction to Ecology, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J. H., 1978, Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs, Science 199: 1302–1310.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J. H., and Slayter, R. O., 1977, Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization, Am. Nat. 111: 1119–1144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conolly, J. R., and Von der Borch, C. C., 1967, Sedimentation and physiography of the sea floor south of Australia, Sediment. Geol. 1: 181–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conover, M. R., 1975, Prevention of shell burial as a benefit hermit crabs provide to their symbionts (Decapoda, Pagurida), Crustaceans (Leiden) 29: 311–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conover, M. R., 1979, Effect of gastropod shell characteristics and hermit crabs on shell epifauna, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 40: 81–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cope, J. C. W., 1968, Epizoic oysters on Kimmeridgian ammonites, Palaeontology 11: 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copper, P., and Grawbarger, D. J., 1978, Paleoecological succession leading to a Late Ordovician biostrome on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Can. J. Earth Sci. 15: 1987–2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crame, J. A., 1980, Succession and diversity in the Pleistocene coral reefs of the Kenya coast, Palaeontology 23: 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crame, J. A., 1981, Ecological stratification in the Pleistocene coral reefs of the Kenya coast, Palaeontology 24: 609–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, D. J., 1976, Settlement responses in marine organisms, in: Adaptations to Environment: Essays on the Physiology of Marine Animals ( R. C. Newell, ed.), pp. 83–124, Butter-worths, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, D. J., 1973, Middle Silurian patch reefs in Gasport Member (Lockport Formation), New York, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 57: 283–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dame, R. F., 1979, The abundance, diversity and biomass of macrobenthos on North Inlet, South Carolina, intertidal oyster reefs, Proc. Natl. Shellfish. Assoc. 69: 6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauer, D. M., Tourtellotte, G. H., and Ewing, R. M., 1982, Oyster shells and artificial worm tubes: The role of refuges in structuring benthic communities of the Lower Chesapeake Bay, Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 67: 661–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P. J., 1979, Marine geology of the continental shelf off southeast Australia, Bur. Min. Res. Aust. Bull. 195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayton, P. K., and Oliver, J. S., 1980, An evaluation of experimental analyses of population and community patterns in benthic marine environments, in: Marine Benthic Dynamics ( K. R. Tenore and B. C. Coull, eds.), pp. 93–120, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, T. A., 1981, Structural aspects of sessile invertebrates as organizing forces in an estuarine fouling community, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 53: 163–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickie, L. M., and Medcof, J. C., 1963, Causes of mass mortalities of scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) in the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence, J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 20: 45 1482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doering, P. H., 1982, Reduction of sea star predation by the burrowing response of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Mollusca: Bivalvia), Estuaries 5: 310–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörjes, J., 1972, Georgia coastal region, Sapelo Island, U.S.A.: Sedimentology and biology. VII. Distribution and zonation of macrobenthic animals, Senckenbergiana Marit. 4: 183–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dörjes, J., 1977, Marine macrobenthic communities of the Sapelo Island, Georgia region, in: Ecology of Marine Benthos ( B. C. Coull, ed.), pp. 399–421, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, E. G., 1967, Attached epifauna—substrate relations, Limnol. Oceanogr. 12: 633–641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, E. G., 1970, Selective bivalve destruction in marine environments, a field study, J. Sediment. Petrol. 40: 898–905.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, E. G., and Brandon, D. E., 1973, Mollusc—sediment relationships in northwestern Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Malacologia 12: 13–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, E. G., and Weltin, T. P., 1973, Sedimentary parameters as factors in abrasive shell reduction, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 13: 275–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drury, W. B., and Nisbet, I. C. T., 1973, Succession, J. Arnold Arbor. Harvard Univ. 54: 331–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dzulynski, S., and Kubicz, A., 1975, Storm accumulations of brachiopod shells and sedimentary environment of the Terebratula Beds in the Muschelkalk of Upper Silesia (southern Poland), Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol. 45: 157–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggleston, D., 1972, Factors influencing the distribution of sublittoral ectoprocts off the south of the Isle of Man (Irish Sea), J. Nat. Hist. 6: 247–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einsele, G., Elouard, P., Herm, D., Kogler, F. C., and Schwarz, H. U., 1977, Source and biofacies of Late Quaternary sediments in relation to sea level on the shelf off Mauritania, West Africa, “Meteor” Forschungsergeb. Reihe C 26: 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisma, D., 1966, The distribution of benthic marine molluscs off the main Dutch coast, Neth. J. Sea Res. 3: 107–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, K. O., 1968, Relict sediments on continental shelves of world, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 52: 445–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emson, R. H., and Faller-Fritsch, R. J., 1976, An experimental investigation into the effect of crevice availability on abundance and size-structure in a population of Littorine rudis (Maton): Gastropoda: Prosobranchia, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 23: 285–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrow, G. E., 1974, On the ecology and sedimentation of the Cardium shell sands and transgressive shellbanks of Traigh Mhor, Island of Barra, Outer Hebrides, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 69: 203–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrow, G. E., and Clokie, J., 1979, Molluscan grazing of sublittoral algal-bored shells and the production of carbonate mud in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 70: 139–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrow, G. E., Cucci, M., and Scoffin, T. P., 1978, Calcareous sediments on the nearshore continental shelf of western Scotland, Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh 76B: 55–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flessa, K. W., and Bray, R. G., 1977, On the measurement of size-independent morphological variability: An example using successive populations of a Devonian spiriferid brachiopod, Paleobiology 3: 350–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flint, R. W., and Rabalais, N. N. (eds.), 1981, Environmental Studies of a Marine Ecosystem: South Texas Outer Continental Shelf, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flügel, E., 1981, Paleoecology and facies of Upper Triassic reefs in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 30: 291–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fretter, V., and Graham, A., 1962, British Prosobranch Molluscs, The Ray Society, London. Frey, R. W., and Basan, P. B., 1981, Taphonomy of relict Holocene salt marsh deposits, Cabretta Island, Georgia, Senckenbergiana Merit. 13: 111–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, R. W., and Pinet, P. R., 1978, Calcium-carbonate content of surficial sands seaward of Altamaha and Doboy sounds. Georgia, J. Sediment. Petrol. 48: 1249–1256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, R. W., and Seilacher, A., 1980, Uniformity in marine invertebrate ichnology, Lethaia 13: 183–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, R. W., Voorhies, M. R., and Howard, J. D., 1975, Estuaries of the Georgia coast, U.S.A.: Sedimentology and biology. VIII. Fossil and Recent skeletal remains in Georgia estuaries, Senckenbergiana Merit. 7: 257–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, S. H., 1977, Ecological controls of Caribbean and Mediterranean Oligocene reef coral communities, Proc. 3rd Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2: 367–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost, S. H., 1981, Oligocene reef coral biofacies of the Vicentin, northeast Italy, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 30: 483–539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fürsich, F. T., 1978, The influence of faunal condensation and mixing on the preservation of fossil benthic communities, Lethaia 11: 243–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fütterer, E., 1978, Studien uber die Einregelung, Anlagerung and Einbttung biogener Hartteile im Strömungskanal, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 156: 87–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fütterer, D., and Paul, J., 1976, Recent and Pleistocene sediments off the Istrian coast (northern Adriatic, Yugoslavia), Senckenbergiana Marit. 8: 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, J., 1957, Little Stave Creek, Alabama—Paleoecologic study, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 67 (2): 573–588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gernant, R. E., 1970, Paleoecology of the Choptank Formation (Miocene) of Maryland and Virginia, Md. Geol. Surv. Rep. Invest. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gernant, R. E., 1971, Invertebrate biofacies and paleoenvironments, in Environmental history of Maryland Miocene, Md. Geol. Surv. Guidebook 3: 19–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golubic, S., Perkins, R. D., and Lukas, K. J., 1975, Boring microorganisms and microborings in carbonate substrates, in: The Study of Trace Fossils ( R. W. Frey, ed.), pp. 229–259, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. S., 1981, The Ecology of Marine Sediments: An Introduction to the Structure and Function of Benthic Communities, Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosberg, R. K., 1981, Competitive ability influences habitat choice in marine invertebrates, Nature (London) 290: 700–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gundrum, L. E., 1979, Demosponges as substrates: An example from the Pennsylvanian of North America, Lethaia 12: 105–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, G., 1947, Catastrophism in the sea and its paleontological significance, with special reference to the Gulf of Mexico, Am. J. Sci. 245: 669–676.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagdorn, H., 1978, Muschel/Krinoiden-Bioherme im Oberen Muschelkalk (mol, Anis) von Crailsheim and Schwabisch Hall (Sudwestdeutschland), Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 156: 31–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harland, T. L., 1981, Middle Ordovician reefs of Norway, Lethaia 14: 169–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, F. W., and Martin, W. D., 1979, Benthic community development in limestone beds of the Waynesville (upper Dillsboro) Formation (Cincinnatian Series, Upper Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana, J. Sediment. Petrol. 49: 1295–1305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hattin, D. E., 1983, Regional aspects of Late Cretaceous carbonate substrates and benthonic faunas, U.S. Western Interior, in: The Cretaceous of the North Temperate Realm (E. G. Kauffman and D. E. Hattin, eds.), Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heim, A., 1924, Über submarine denudation and chemische sedimente, Geol. Rundsch. 15: 147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heim, A., 1958, Oceanic sedimentation and submarine discontinuities, Eclogae Geol. Heiv. 51: 642–649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heliasz, Z., and Racki, G., 1980, Ecology of the Upper Jurassic brachiopod bed from Julianka, Polish Jura Chain, Acta Geol. Pol. 30: 175–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hickey, D. R., and Younker, J. L., 1981, Structure and composition of a Paleozoic benthic community, J. Paleontol. 55: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Highsmith, R. C., 1982, Reproduction by fragmentation in corals, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 7: 207226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Highsmith, R. C., Riggs, A. C., and D’Antonio, C. M., 1980, Survival of hurricane-generated coral fragments and a disturbance model of reef calcification growth rates, Oecologia 46: 322–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, A., and Narkiewicz, M., 1977, Developmental pattern of Lower to Middle Paleozoic banks and reefs, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Monatsh. 1977: 272–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holme, N. A., 1961, The bottom fauna of the English Channel, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 41: 397–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holme, N. A., 1966, The bottom fauna of the English Channel, Part II, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 46: 401–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, H. S., 1974, The ecology of secondary succession, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5: 25–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, H. S., 1976, Succession, in: Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications ( R. M. May, ed.), pp. 187–204, Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins, C. W., 1967, Hydrodynamic significance of mollusks in Pliocene turbidites near Ventura, California, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 51: 470 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaacson, P. E., and Curran, H. A., 1981, Anatomy of an Early Devonian carbonate buildup, central New York, J. Paleontol. 55: 1225–1236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B. C., 1972, The ecology of the molluscs of Thalassic communities, Jamaica, West Indies. II. Molluscan population variability along an environmental stress gradient, Mar. Biol. 14: 304–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B. C., 1973, The ecology of molluscs of Thalassia communities, Jamaica, West Indies. I. Distribution, environmental physiology and ecology of common shallow-water species, Bull. Mar. Sci. 23: 313–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B. C., 1977a, Habitat area, colonization, and development of epibenthic community structure, in: Biology of Benthic Organisms ( B. F. Keegan, P. O’Ceidigh, and P. J. S. Boaden, eds.), pp. 349–358, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. B. C., 19776, Competition on marine hard substrata: The adaptive significance of solitary and colonial strategies, Am. Nat. 111: 743–767.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, I., 1980, Palaeobiology of Upper Cretaceous belemnites from the phosphatic chalk of the Anglo-Paris basin, Palaeontology 23: 889–914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkyns, H. C., 1971, The genesis of condensed sequences in the Tethyan Jurassic, Lethaia 4: 327–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jervey, M. T., 1974, Transportation and dispersal of biogenic material in the nearshore marine environment, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Lousiana State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. H., n.d. (1968), Guidebook to the geology of the York—James Peninsula and south bank of the James River, Dept. Geol. College of William and Mary Guidebook 1 (prepared for 10th Annu. Field Conf., Atlantic Coastal Plain Geol. Soc.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. H., and Foster, H. L., 1951, Recent molluscan association with paleontologic and stratigraphic implications, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 35: 2430–2431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. E., 1977, Succession and replacement in the development of Silurian brachiopod populations, Lethaia 10: 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. G., 1957, Experiments on the burial of shells, J. Geol. 65: 527–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jumars, P. A., Self, R. F. L., and Nowell, A. R. M., 1982, Mechanics of particle selection by tentaculate deposit-feeders, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 64: 47–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. G., 1965, Pelecypod death assemblages in Tomales Bay, California, J. Paleontol. 39: 80–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, E. G., 1974, Cretaceous assemblages, communities, and associations: Western Interior United States and Caribbean Islands, in: Principles of Benthic Community Analysis (by A. M. Ziegler, K. R. Walker, E. J. Anderson, E. G. Kauffman, R. N. Ginsburg, and N. P. James), Univ. Miami Comp. Sediment. Lab. Sedimenta 4: 121–1227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, E. G., 1981, Ecological reappraisal of the German Posidonienschiefer (Toarcian) and the stagnant basin model, in: Communities of the Past ( J. Gray, A. J. Boucot, and W. B. N. Berry, eds.), pp. 311–381, Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman, E. G., and Sohl, N. F., 1974, Structure and evolution of Antillean Cretaceous rudist frameworks, Verhondl. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel 84: 399–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keary, R., and Keegan, B. F., 1975, Stratification by infauna debris: A structure, a mechanism, and a comment, J. Sediment. Petrol. 45: 128–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keegan, B., 1974, The marine fauna of maerl substrates on the west coast of Ireland, Cah. Biol. Mar. 15: 513–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelling, G., and Mullin, P. R., 1975, Graded limestones and limestone—quartzite couplets: Possible storm deposits from the Moroccan Carboniferous, Sediment. Geol. 13: 161–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, N. H., 1970, Sand ribbons of European tidal seas, Mar. Geol. 9: 25–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S. M., 1979, Stratigraphic condensation and the formation of major complex shell bed in the Miocene Chesapeake Group, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. 11: 457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S. M., 1982a, Time scales of fossil accumulation: Patterns from Miocene benthic assemblages, Proc. 3rd North Am. Paleontol. Cony. 1: 295–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S. M., 19826, Stratigraphy, invertebrate taphonomy, and depositional history of the Miocene Calvert and Choptank formations, Atlantic Coastal Plain, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell, S. M., 1983, Basin margin unconformities in the lower Chesapeake Group (Middle Miocene), Atlantic Coastal Plain, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Clem., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobluk, D. R., and Kahle, C. F., 1978, Geologic significance of boring and cavity-dwelling marine algae, Bull. Can. Pet. Geol. 26: 362–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreisa, R. D., 1981, Storm-generated sedimentary structures in subtidal marine facies with examples from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of southwestern Virginia, J. Sediment. Petrol. 51: 823–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, N., and Sanders, J. E., 1976, Characteristics of shoreface storm deposits: Modern and ancient examples, J. Sediment. Petrol. 46: 145–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, N. G., 1981, A nearshore spicule mat from the Pennsylvanian of west-central Indiana, J. Sediment. Petrol. 51: 197–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinton, J. S., 1970, The paleoecological significance of opportunistic species, Lethaia 3: 69–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinton, J. S., 1977, Ecology of shallow water deposit-feeding communities, Quisset Harbor, Massachusetts, in: Ecology of Marine Benthos ( B. C. Coull, ed.), pp. 191–227, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinton, J. S., 1979a, Deposit-feeders, their resources, and the study of resource limitation, in: Ecological Processes in Coastal and Marine Systems ( R. J. Livingston, ed.), pp. 117–141, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinton, J. S., 19796, The effect of density upon deposit-feeding populations: Movement, feeding and floating of Hydrobia ventrosa Montagu (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia), Oecologia (Berlin) 43: 27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinton, J. S., and Bambach, R. K., 1975, A comparative study of Silurian and Recent deposit-feeding bivalve communities, Paleobiology 1: 97–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewy, Z., 1975, Early diagenesis of calcareous skeletons in the Baltic Sea, western Germany, Meyniana 27: 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewy, Z., 1981, Maceration of calcareous skeletons, Sedimentology 28: 893–895.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liddell, W. D., and Brett, C. E., 1982, Skeletal overgrowths among epizoans from the Silurian (Wenlockian) Waldron Shale, Paleobiology 8: 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubchenco, J., 1978, Plant species diversity in a marine intertidal community: Importance of herbivore food preference and algal competitive abilities, Am. Nat. 112: 23–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, K. B., 1976, Paleocommunities: Toward some confidence limits, in: Structure and Classification of Paleocommunities ( R. W. Scott and R. R. West, eds.), pp. 87–106, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, B., 1977, Selective preservation of molluscan shells in a Permian beach environment, Sydney Basin, Australia, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Monatsh. 1977: 466–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKnight, D. G., 1969, A recent, possible catastrophic burial q marine molluscan com- munity, N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 3: 177–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMaster, R. L., Milliman, J. D., and Ashraf, A., 1971, Continental shelf and upper slope sediments off Portuguese Guinea, Guinea, and Sierra Leone, west Africa, J. Sediment. Petrol. 41: 150–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margalef, R., 1968, Perspectives in Ecological Theory, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. F., and Davies, P. J., 1979, Skeletal carbonate variation on the continental shelf of eastern Australia, Bur. Min. Res. J. Aust. Geol. Geophys. 3: 85–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D. L., 1981, Biostratinomy and paleoecology of echinoderm lagerstatten from the Cincinnatian Series, in: GSA Cincinnati ‘81 Field Trip Guidebooks, Vol. I, Stratigraphy, Sedimentology ( T. G. Roberts, ed.), pp. 58–62, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Va.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman, J. D., 1977, Effects of arid climate and upwelling upon the sedimentary regime off southern Spanish Sahara, Deep-Sea Res. 24: 99–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman, J. D., and Summerhayes, C. P. (eds.), 1975, Upper Continental Margin Sedimentation off Brazil, Contrib. Sedimental. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman, J. D., Pilkey, O. H., and Ross, D. A., 1972, Sediments of the continental margin off the eastern United States, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 83: 1315–1334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, K. A., 1979, A classification of Jurassic marine shale sequences: An example from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of Great Britain, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 26: 117–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, R. A., and Winkler, C. D., 1979, Distribution and significance of coarse biogenic and clastic deposits on the Texas inner shelf, Trans. Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. 29: 306–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullins, H. T., Newton, C. R.. Heath, K., and Van Buren, H. M., 1981, Modern deep-water coral mounds north of Little Bahama Bank: Criteria for recognition of deep-water coral bioherms in the rock record, J. Sediment. Petrol. 51: 999–1013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mundlos, R., 1975, Okologie, Biostratinomie und Diagenese brachyurer krebse aus dem Alt-Tertiär von Helmstedt (Niedersachen, BRD), Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 148: 252–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myrick, A. C., Jr., 1979, Variation, tphonomy, and adaptation of the Rhabdosteidae (=Eurhinodelphidae) (Odontoceti, Mammalia) from the Calvert Formation of Maryland and Virginia, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, C. S., 1978a, Temperate shelf carbonate sediments in the Cenozoic of New Zealand, Sedimentology 25: 737–771.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, C. S., 1978b, Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Oligocene Te Kuiti Group, Wai- tomo County, South Auckland, New Zealand, N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 21: 553–594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, C. S., Hancock, G. E., and Kamp, P. J. J., 1982, Shelf to basin, temperate skeletal carbonate sediments, Three Kings Plateau, New Zealand, J. Sed. Pet. 52: 717–732.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, A. C., Kofoed, J. W., and Keller, G. H., 1977, Lithoherms in the Straits of Florida, Geology 5: 4–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, J., and Rowe, G. T., 1977, Infaunal macrobenthos off Cap Blanc, Spanish Sahara, J. Mar. Res. 35: 525–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, R. M., 1972, Shell and gravel layers, western continental shelf, New Zealand, N.Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 15: 572–589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E. P., 1969, The strategy of ecosystem development, Science 164: 262–270.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osman, R. W., 1977, The establishment and development of a marine epifaunal community, Ecol. Monogr. 47: 37–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paine, R. T., and Levin, S. A., 1981, Intertidal landscapes: Disturbance and the dynamics of pattern, Ecol. Monogr. 51: 145–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, R. D., and Halsey, S. D., 1971, Geologic significance of microboring fungi and algae in Carolina shelf sediments, J. Sediment. Petrol. 41: 843–853.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C. H., 1979, Predation, competitive exclusion, and diversity in the soft-sediment benthic communities of estuaries and lagoons, in: Ecological Processes in Coastal and Marine Systems ( R. J. Livingston, ed.), pp. 233–264, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C. H., 1980, Approaches to the study of competition in benthic communities, in: Estuarine Perspectives ( V. S. Kennedy, ed.), pp. 291–302, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C. H., 1982, Clam predation by whelks (Busycon spp.): Experimental tests of the importance of prey size, prey density, and seagrass cover, Mar. Biol. 66: 159–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C. H., and Andre, S. V., 1980, An experimental analysis of interspecific competition among marine filter-feeders in a soft-sediment environment, Ecology 61: 129–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilkey, O. H., Blackwelder, B. W., Knebel, H. J., and Ayers, M. W., 1981, The Georgia Embayment continental shelf: Stratigraphy of a submergence, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 92: 52–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piller, W. E., 1981, The Steinplatte reef complex, part of an Upper Triassic carbonate platform near Salzburg, Austria, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 30: 261–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitman, W. C., III, 1978, Relationships between eustacy and stratigraphic sequences of passive margins, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 89: 1389–1403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pohowsky, R. A., 1978, The boring ctenostomate Bryozoa: Taxonomy and paleobiology based on cavities in calcareous substrata, Bull. Am. Paleontol. 73 (301).

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. J., and Wolfe, D. A., 1971, Mollusca from the North Carolina commercial fishing grounds for the calico scallop Argopecten gibbus (Linne), J. Conchyliol. 109: 91–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Probert, P. K., Batham, E. J., and Wilson, J. B., 1979, Epibenthic macrofauna off southeastern New Zealand and mid-shelf bryozoan dominance, N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 13: 379–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pugaczewska, H., 1965, Les organismes sédentaires sur les rostres des belemnites du Crétacé supérieur, Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 10: 73–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffaelli, D. G., 1978, Factors affecting the population structure of Littorina neglecta Bean, J. Molluscan Stud. 44: 223–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafffaelli, D. G., and Hughes, R. N., 1978, The effects of crevice size and availability on populations of Littorine rudis and Littorina neritoides, J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 71–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, E. I. S., Nicholaidos, A., and Laskaridou, P., 1977, The effects of storms on the dynamics of shallow water benthic associations, in: Biology of Benthic Organisms ( B. F. Keegan, P. O’Ceidigh, and P. J. S. Boaden, eds.), pp. 465–474, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reif, W.-E., 1971, Zur Genese des Muschelkalk-Keuper-Grenz bonebeds in Sudwestdeutschland, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 139: 369–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reif, W.-E., 1982, Muschelkalk/Keuper bone beds (Middle Triassic, SW-Germany)—storm condensation in a regressive cycle, in: Cyclic and Event Stratification (G. Einsele and A. Seilacher, eds.) Berlin, pp. 299–325, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reimer, A. A., 1976, Succession of invertebrates in vacant tests of Tetraclita stalactifera panamensis, Mar. Biol. 35: 239–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads, D. C., 1974, Organism–sediment relations on the muddy sea floor, Annu. Rev. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 12: 263–300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, R. P., 1972, Autecology of Richmondian brachiopods (Upper Ordovician of Indiana and Ohio), J. Paleontol. 46: 386–405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riding, R., 1981, Composition, structure and environmental setting of Silurian bioherms and biostromes in northern Europe, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 30: 41–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, J., and Gutschick, R. C., 1977, Barnacle borings in live and dead hosts from the Louisiana Limestone (Famennian) of Missouri, J. Paleontol. 51: 718–724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkranz, D., 1971, Zur Sedimentologie und Okologie von Echinodermen-Lagerstätten, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 138: 221–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russ, G. R., 1980, Effects of predation by fishes, competition, and structural complexity of the substratum on the establishment of a marine epifaunal community, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 42: 55–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryer, T. A., 1977, Patterns of Cretaceous shallow-marine sedimentation, Coalville and Rockport areas, Utah, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88: 177–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savazzi, E., 1982, Commensalism between a boring mytilid bivalve and a soft bottom coral in the Upper Eocene of northern Italy, Paläont. Z. 56: 165–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, K. A., 1973, Zur Fazies and Paläogeographie der Spiriferina-Bank (Hauptmuschelkalk im nördlichen Baden-Württemburg), Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Abh. 143: 56–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, P., and Senowbari-Daryan, B., 1981, Facies development and paleoecologic zonation of four Upper Triassic patch-reefs, Northern Calcareous Alps near Salzburg, Austria, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 30: 241–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, W., 1972, Ecology and Palaeoecology of Marine Environments, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, H. U., 1975, Sedimentary structures and facies analysis of shallow marine carbonates (Lower Muschelkalk, Middle Triassic, southwestern Germany), Contrib. Sedimentol. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoffin, T. P., 1971, The conditions of growth of the Wenlock reefs of Shropshire (England), Sedimentology 17: 173–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoffin, T. P., Alexandersson, E. T., Bowes, G. E., Clokie, J. J., Farrow, G. E., and Milliman, J. D., 1980, Recent, temperate, sub-photic, carbonate sedimentation: Rockall Bank, northeast Atlantic, J. Sediment. Petrol. 50: 331–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. W., 1981, Biotic relations in Early Cretaceous coral–algal–rudist reefs, Arizona, J. Paleontol. 55: 463–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, R. W., and Brenckle, P. L., 1977, Biotic zonation of a Lower Cretaceous coral–algalrudist reef, Arizona, Proc. 3rd Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2: 183–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, J. R., and Wilce, R. T., 1975, Sublittoral, benthic marine algae of southern Cape Cod and adjacent islands: Seasonal periodicity, associations, diversity, and floristic composition, Ecol. Monogr. 45: 337–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seilacher, A., 1982, Ammonite shells as habits in bituminous shales—Floats or benthic islands, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol. Monatsh. 1982: 98–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sepkoski, J. J., 1979, Taphonomic factors influencing the lithologic occurrence of fossils in Dresbachian (Upper Cambrian) shaley facies, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. 10: 490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, C. R. C., 1981, Reef and soft-substrate coral fauna of Chagos, Indian Ocean, J. Nat. Hist. 15: 607–621.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, C. R. C., 1982, Coral populations on reef slopes and their major controls, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 7: 83–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. B., 1981a, The Magnesian Limestone (Upper Permian) reef complex of northeastern England, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 30: 161–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. B., 1981b, Bryozoan–algal patch-reefs in the Upper Permian lower Magnesian Limestone of Yorkshire, northeast England, Soc. Econ. Paleontol. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 30: 187–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, E. M., 1980, Bryozoan assemblages and inferred ecologic succession in the Warsaw Formation (Middle Valmeyeran), western Illinois Basin, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. 12: 256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, W. P., 1979a, Experimental investigations of disturbance and ecological succession in a rocky intertidal algal community, Ecol. Monogr. 49: 227–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, W. P., 19796, Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields: The nonequilibrium maintenance of species diversity, Ecology 60: 1225–1239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa, W. P., 1980, The response of a community to disturbance: The importance of successional age and species’ life histories, Oecologia (Berlin) 45: 72–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. K., Hoare, R. D., and Kesling, R. V., 1980, Epizoans on the brachiopod Paraspirifer bownockeri (Stewart) from the Middle Devonian of Ohio, Univ. Mich. Mus. Paleontol. Pap. Paleontol. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squires, D. F., 1964, Fossil coral thickets in Wairarpa, New Zealand, J. Paleontol. 38: 904–915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stachowitsch, M., 1977, The hermit crab microbiocoenosis—The role of mobile secondary hard bottom elements in a north Adriatic benthic community, in: The Biology of Benthic Organisms ( B. F. Keegan, P. O’Ceidigh, and P. J. S. Boaden, eds.), pp. 549–558, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stachowitsch, M., 1979, Movement, activity pattern, and role of a hermit crab population in a sublittoral epifaunal community, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 39: 135–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, G. D., Jr., 1979, Paleoecology, structure, and distribution of Triassic coral buildups in western North America, Univ. Kans. Paleontol. Contrib. Artic. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, S. M., 1970, Relation of shell form to life habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca), Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steimle, F. W., and Sindermann, C. J., 1978, Review of oxygen depletion and associated mass mortalities of shellfish in the Middle Atlantic Blight in 1976, Mar. Fish. Rev. 40 (12): 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suchanek, T. H., 1978, The ecology of Mytilus edulis L. in exposed rocky intertidal communities, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 31: 105–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, J. P., 1974, Multiple stable points in natural communities, Am. Nat. 108: 859–873.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, J. P., 1981, The fouling community of Beaufort, North Carolina: A study in stability, Am. Nat. 118: 499–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, D. J. P., 1974, Continental shelf sedimentation, in: The Geology of Continental Margins ( C. A. Burk and C. L. Drake, eds.), pp. 117–135, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, D. J. P., 1976, Continental shelf sedimentation, in: Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management ( D. J. Stanley and D. J. P. Swift, eds.), pp. 311–350, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, D. J. P., and Heron, S. D., Jr., 1969, Stratigraphy of the Carolina Cretaceous, Southeast. Geol. 10: 201–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, D. J. P., Kofoed, J. W., Saulsbury, F. P., and Sears, P., 1972, Holocene evolution of the shelf surface, central and southern Atlantic coast of North America, in: Shelf Sediment Transport: Process and Pattern ( D. J. P. Swift, D. B. Duane, and O. H. Pilkey, eds.), pp. 499–574, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taghon, G. L., 1982, Optimal foraging by deposit-feeding invertebrates: Role of particle size and organic coating, Oecologia 52: 295–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P. D., 1979, Paleoecology of the encrusting epifauna of some British Jurassic bivalves, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 28: 241–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, C. W., 1974, Substrate specificity of Devonian epizoa, J. Paleontol. 48: 881–894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thayer, C. W., 1979, Biological bulldozers and the evolution of marine benthic communities, Science 203: 458–461.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R. D. K., 1975, Functional morphology, ecology, and evolutionary conservatism in the Glycymerididae (Bivalvia), Palaeontology 18: 217–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. K., 1982, Population structure of Gemma gemma (Bivalvia: Veneridae) in south San Francisco Bay, with a comparison to some northeastern United States estuarine populations, Veliger 24: 281–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, M. E., 1969, Crinoidal turbidites from the Devonian of Cornwall and their paleo-geographic significance, Sedimentology 13: 281–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vail, G. B., 1980, Sedimentary environment of Devonian pelagic limestones in the Southern Alps, Lethaia 13: 79–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vail, P. R., and Todd, R. G., 1981, Northern North Sea Jurassic unconformities, chronostratigraphy and sea-level changes from seismic stratigraphy, in: Petroleum Geology of the Continental Shelf of Northwest Europe ( V. Illing and G. D. Hobson, eds.), pp. 216–235, Heyden, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vail, P. R., Mitchum, R. M., Jr., Todd, R. G., Widmier, J. M., Thompson, S., III, Sangree, J. B., Bubb, J. N., and Hatlelid, W. G., 1977, Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea-level, Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 16: 49–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vance, R. R., 1978, A mutualistic interaction between a sessile marine clam and its epibionts, Ecology 59: 679–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Staalduinen, C. J., van Adrichem Boogaert, H. A., Bless, M. J. M., Doppert, J. W. C., Harsvelt, H. M. H., van Montfrans, H. M., Oele, E., Wermuth, G. A., and Zagwijn, W. H., 1979, The geology of the Netherlands, Meded. Rijks Geol. Dienst 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Straaten, L. M. J. U., 1956, Composition of shell beds formed in tidal flat environment in the Netherlands and in the Bay of Arcahon (France), Geol. Mijnbouw 18: 209–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Straaten, L. M. J. U., 1967, Turbidites, ash layers and shell beds in the bathyal zone of the southeastern Adriatric Sea, Rev. Geogr. Phys. Geol. Dyn. 9: 219–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeij, G. J., 1978, Biogeography and Adaptation: Patterns of Marine Life, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, E., 1975, Tunnelbaue rezenter und fossiler Phoronida, Palaeontol. Z. 49: 135–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waage, K. M., 1964, Origin of repeated fossiliferous concretion layers in the Fox Hills Formation, Kans. Geol. Surv. Bull. 169 (2): 541–563.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waddington, J. B., 1980, A soft substrate community with edrioasteroids, from the Verulam Formation (Middle Ordovician) at Gamebridge, Ontario, Can. J. Earth Sci. 17: 674–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, K. R., and Alberstadt, L. P., 1975, Ecological succession as an aspect of structure in fossil communities, Paleobiology 1: 238–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, K. R., and Parker, W. C., 1976, Population structure of a pioneer and a later stage species in an Ordovician ecological succession, Paleobiology 2: 191–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J. J., 1981, Shelf-sea ecosystems, in: Analysis of Marine Ecosystems ( A. R. Longhurst, ed.), pp. 159–196, London, Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, L. B., and Blackwelder, B. W., 1980, Stratigraphic revision of Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene beds of the Chesapeake Group, middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1482-D.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warme, J. E., 1975, Borings as trace fossils, and the process of marine bioerosion, in: The Study of Trace Fossils ( R. W. Frey, ed.), pp. 181–227, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, G. F., 1979, Aggregation in echinoderms, in: Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms ( G. P. Larwood and R. B. Rosen, eds.), pp. 375–396, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warwick, R. M., 1980, Population dynamics and secondary production of benthos, in: Marine Benthic Dynamics ( K. R. Tenore and B. C. Coull, eds.), pp. 1–24, University of South Carolina Press, Columbia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wass, R. E., Conolly, J. R., and Maclntyre, R. J., 1970, Bryozoan carbonate sand continuous along southern Australia, Mar. Geol. 9: 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, H. W., 1957, Abundance of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, in relation to environmental factors, Ecology 38: 123–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, H. W., 1961, The fauna of oyster beds, with special reference to the salinity factor, Ecol. Monogr. 31: 239–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wharton, J., and Miller, M., 1968, The New Zealand Seashore, Collins, Glasgow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, H. E., 1964, Baselevel transit cycle, Kans. Geol. Surv. Bull. 169: 623–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, P. S., 1979, Pattern, process and natural disturbance in vegetation, Bot. Rev. 45: 229–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitlatch, R. B., 1980, Patterns of resource utilization and coexistence in marine intertidal deposit-feeding communities, J. Mar. Res. 38: 743–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore, F. C., Jr., 1971, Vertebrate biofacies and paleoenvironments, Md. Geol. Surv. Guidebook 3: 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wigley, R. L., and Theroux, R. B.. 1981, Atlantic continental shelf and slope of the United States—Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna of the Middle Atlantic Bight region—Faunal composition and quantitative distribution, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 529-N.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willan, R. C., 1981, Soft-bottom assemblages of Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island, N.Z. J. Zool. 9: 229–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. A., 1980, Community succession in a Devonian patch reef (Onondaga Formation, New York)—Physical and biotic controls, J. Sediment. Petrol. 50: 1169–1185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. B., 1979, “Patch” development of the deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa (L.) on Rockall Bank, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 59:164–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. A., 1982, Origin of brachiopod–bryozoan assemblages in an Upper Carboniferous limestone: Importance of physical and ecological controls, Lethaia 15: 263–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodin, S. A., and Jackson, J. B. C., 1979, Interphyletic competition among marine benthos, Am. Zool. 19: 1029–1043.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, T., and Kornicker, L. S., 1962, Inland transport of marine shells by birds on Perez Island, Alacran Reef, Campeche Bank, Mexico, J. Geol. 70: 616–618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zach, R., 1978, Selection and dropping of whelks by Northwestern crows, Behaviour 67: 134–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zagwijn, W. H., and Doppert, J. W. C., 1978, Upper Cenozoic of the southern North Sea Basin: Palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographic evolution, Geol. Mijnbouw 57: 577–588.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kidwell, S.M., Jablonski, D. (1983). Taphonomic Feedback Ecological Consequences of Shell Accumulation. In: Tevesz, M.J.S., McCall, P.L. (eds) Biotic Interactions in Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Topics in Geobiology, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0740-3_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0740-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0742-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0740-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics