Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Endocrine and Metabolic Systems

  • Chapter
Family Medicine

  • 88 Accesses

Abstract

Endocrine and metabolic disorders are among the most common problems seen by family physicians. For example, according to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, visits to general and family physicians accounted for 53.4% of the estimated 11 million office-based visits for which diabetes was the principal or first-listed diagnosis.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. National Center for Health Statistics. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Office visits for diabetes mellitus, United States, 1977. Advance data from vital and health statistics, No. 57, DHEW (PHS) Publ. 79–1250. Hyattville, Maryland: Government Printing Office, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gorwitz K, Howen GG, Thompson T. Prevalence of diabetes in Michigan school age children. Diabetes 1976; 25: 122–129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Renald AE, Mintz DH, Muller WA, et al. Diabetes mellitus. In: Standbury JB, Wyngarden JB, Fredrickson DS, eds. The meta-bolic basis of inherited disease, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978: 80–109.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Eisenbarth GS. Type I diabetes mellitus: a chronic autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1360–1368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Röhn RD, Maclaren NK. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic ke-toacidosis. Pediatr Ann 1975; 4: 332–335.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Krane EJ, Rockoff MA, Wallman JK, et al. Subclinical brain swelling in children during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1147–1151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fineberg SE, Galloway JA, Fineberg NS, et al. Immunogenicity of recombinant DNA human insulin. Diabetologia 1983; 24: 465–469.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Klam WP, Röhn RD, Heald FP. Care of the adolescent diabetic. Pediatr Ann 1985; 4: 336–342.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Stein R, Goldberg N, Kaiman F. Exercise and the patient with type I diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Clin North Am 1984; 31: 665–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of dia betes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979; 28: 1039–1057.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Barnett AH, Eff C, Leslie RD, Pyke DA. Diabetes in identical twins. Diabetologia 1981; 20: 87–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. NIH. Health implications of obesity. National Institutes of Health consensus development conference Statement. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 147–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Muhler RJ, Romanoff NG, Dunbar A, et al. The dilemma of defin-ing diabetes mellitus in the aging population. West J Med 1982; 136: 379–383.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gerich JE. Sulfonylureas in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clin Proc 1985; 60: 439–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kreisberg RA. The second generation sulfonylureas: change or progress? Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 125–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. American Diabetes Association. The physicians guide to type II diabetes (NIDDM) diagnosis and treatment. New York: American Diabetes Association, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Miller E, Hare JW, Cloherty JP, et al. Elevated maternal hemo-globin A]c in early pregnancy and major congenital anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 1331–1334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Frienkel N, Dooley SL, Metzger BE. Care of the pregnant woman with insulkhdependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 96–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Budhraja M, Danel I. Control of overt maternal diabetes during pregnancy in a county hospital. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 311–315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Smith CK, Taylor TR, Gordon MJ. Community-based studies of diabetes control: program development and preliminary analysis. J Fam Pract 1982; 14: 459–467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Palmberg P, Smith M, Waltham S. The natural history of retino-pathy in insulin-dependent juvenile diabetes. Opthalmology 1981; 88: 613–618.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagula-tion treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of diabetic retinopathy study findings. Ophthalmology 1978; 85: 85–92.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Vaughn L. Diabetic Retinopathy West J Med 1982; 137: 269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Anonymous. Improving eye care of persons with diabetes mellitus—Michigan. MMWR 1985; 34 /46: 697–700.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Christlieb AR. Treating hypertension in the patient with diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am 1982; 66: 1373–1388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Williamson JR, Kilo C. Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 399–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, Gordon T, et al. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population. Sixteen-year follow-up study. Diabetes 1974; 23: 105–111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Van Italie TB. Health implications of overweight and obesity in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 983–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Mayer J. Obesity. In: Goodhard RS, Shils, eds. Modern nutrition in health and disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1980: 721–740.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hammar SL. Juvenile obesity. Pediatr Dig 1979; 25: 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Garn SM, LaVelle M. Two-decade follow-up of fatness in early childhood. Am J Dis Child 1985; 139: 181–185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Anonymous. 1983 Metropolitan Height and Weight Tables. Stat Bull 1983; 64: 2–9.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Wadden TA, Stunkard AJ. Social and psychological consequences of obesity. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 1062–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bierman EL. Obesity. In: Wyngaarden JB, Smith LH, eds. Textbook of medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 1191–1197.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Epstein LH, Wing BR, Valoski A. Childhood obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am 1985; 32: 363–379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Weinsier RL, Wadden TA, Ritenbaugh C, et al. Recommended therapeutic guidelines for professional weight control programs. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40: 865–872.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Stunkard AJ, Berthold HC. What is behavior therapy? A very short description of behavioral weight control. Am J Clin Nutr 41: 821–823.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Gordon T, Castelli WP, Hjortland MC, et al. The prediction of coronary heart disease by high-density and other lipoproteins: an historical perspective. In: Rifkind B, Levy R, eds. Hyperlipide-mia-diagnosis and therapy. New York: Grüne & Stratton, 1977: 71–78.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Lipid Research Clinics Program. Coronary primary prevention and final results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. II. The relationship of reduction in indicence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 1984; 251: 351–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Bierman EL, Glomset JA. Disorders of lipid metabolism. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 1108–1136.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Consensus Conference. Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. JAMA 1985; 253: 2080–2086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Consensus Conference. Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. JAMA 1984; 251: 1196–1200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Merimee TJ, Tyson JE. Stabilization of plasma glucose during fasting. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 1275–1278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Service FJ, ed. Hypoglycemic disorders. Boston: GK Hall Medical Publishers, 1983: 73–95.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Yager J, Young RT. Nonhypoglycemia is an epidemic condition. N Engl J Med 1974; 291: 907–908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Lev-Ran A, Anderson RW. The diagnosis of postprandial hypo-glycemia. Diabetes 1981; 30: 996–999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Greer MA, Kammer H, Bouma DJ. Short-term drug therapy for the thyrotoxicosis of Graves’ disease. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 173–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bacon E, Spencer ML, Hapwood NJ, Kelch RP. A practical approach to pediatric endocrinology. 2d ed. London: Yearbook Medical Publishers, 1982; 121–151.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chopra I, Hershman JM, Pardridge WM, et al. Thyroid function in non-thyroidal diseases. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 946–957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Rojeski MT, Gharis H. Nodular thyroid disease: evaluation and management. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 428–436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference. Osteoporo-sis. JAMA 1984; 252: 799–802.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lane JM, Vigorita VJ. Osteoporosis. Orthop Clin North Am 1984; 15: 711–728.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Aloia JF, Cohn SH, Vaswani A, et al. Risk factors for postmeno-pausal osteoporosis. Am J Med 1985; 78: 95–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Riggs BL. Osteoporosis. In: Wyngaarden JB, Smith LH. Textbook of medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 1456–1461.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Reckor RR, Savelle PD, Heaney RP. Effect of estrogen and calcium carbonate on bone loss in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87: 649–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Judd HL, Meldrum DR, Deflos LJ, et al. Estrogen replacement: indications and complications. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 195–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wilson PF, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP. Postmenopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1038–1043.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kreiger DT. Physiopathology of Cushing’s disease. Endoer Rev 1983; 4: 22–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Cunningham SK, Moore A, McKenna TJ. Normal cortisol response to corticotropin in patients with secondary adrenal failure. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143: 2276–2279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Plötz CM, Knowlton AI, Ragan C. The natural history of Cush-ing’s Syndrome. Am J Med 1952; 13: 597–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Bongiavoni AM. Adrenal cortex. In: Kaplan SA, ed. Clinical pediatrics and adolescent endocrinology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 171–186.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Bondy PK. Disorders of the adrenal cortex. In: Wilson JD, Forester DW, eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 817–890.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Pang S, Lerner AJ, Stoner E, et al. Late-onset adrenal Steroid 3- beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. I. A cause of hir-sutism in pubertal and post pubertal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 60: 428–439.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Copeland PM. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 940–945.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ferrimen DG, Galwey JD. Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1961; 21: 1440–1447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Kirchner MA, Zucker IR, Jespersen D. Idiopathic hirsutism—an ovarian abnormality. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 637–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Rosenwaks Z, Lee PA, Jones GS, Midgeon CJ, Wentz AC. An attenuated form of congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979; 49: 335–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Dewis P, Anderson DC. A practical approach to the hirsute patient. Practitioner 1982; 226: 223–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Yen SSC. Chronic anovulation caused by peripheral endocrine disorders. In: Yen SSC, Jaffee RB, eds. Reproductive endocrinology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1986: 441–499.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Molitch ME. Pregnancy and the hyperprolactinemic woman. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1364–1370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Daughaday WH. The anterior pituitary: In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 568–613.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Hantman D, Rossier B, Zohlman B, Schrier R. Rapid correction of hyponatremia in SIADH. Ann Intern Med 1977; 78: 870–875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Decaux G, Brimocelle S, Genette F, Mockel I. Treatment of SIADH with urea. Am J Med 1980; 69: 99–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Zerbe RL, Robertson GL. A comparison of plasma Vasopressin measurements with a Standard indirect test in the differential diagnosis of polyuria. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1539–1546.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Spark RF, White RA, Connolly PB. Impotence is not always psy-chogenic. JAMA 1980; 243: 750–755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Meyer JK. Disorders of sexual function. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, eds. Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 476–491.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Anonymous. Drugs that cause sexual dysfunction. Med Lett 1983; 25: 73–76.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Slag MF, Morley JE, Elson MK, et al. Impotence in medical clinic outpatients. JAMA 1983; 249: 1736–1740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Carlson HE. Gynecomastia. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 759–799.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Wilson JD, Aiman J, Mac Donald PC. The pathogenesis of gynecomastia. In: Rogers O, Des Prez RM, Cline M, Braunwald E, Greenberger N, Bondy P, Epstein F (eds): The Year Book of Medicine, Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1980: 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Swerdloff RS, Overstreet JW, Sokol RZ, Raijer J. Infertility in the male. Ann Intern Med 1985; 103: 906–919.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Griffin JE. Diagnosis and management of male infertility. University of Texas, Southwestern Medical School Medical Grand Rounds, May 22, 1986, pp. 1–38.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Jubiz W. Endocrinology, 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985: 481–482.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Charles Kent Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Donald W. Richardson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Reuben D. Rohn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Richard A. Bienia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Herschel L. Estep
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, 97201, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Robert B. Taylor M.D. (Professor and Chairman) (Professor and Chairman)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, C.K., Richardson, D.W., Rohn, R.D., Bienia, R.A., Estep, H.L. (1988). The Endocrine and Metabolic Systems. In: Taylor, R.B. (eds) Family Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1998-7_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1998-7_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2000-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1998-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation