Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Models of Saccade-Vergence Interactions

  • Chapter
Models of the Visual System

Abstract

Eye fixations in daily life are controlled by two types of eye movements. Saccades rotate the two eyes in the same direction (i.e., conjugately; Fig. 11.1A), such as during reading and scanning of a scene, whereas vergence movements rotate the two eyes in opposite-directions (i.e., disjunctively; Fig. 11.1B), such as during tracking of objects moving in depth. Together, they provide control of binocular fixation in three-dimensional space (Ciuffreda and Tannen, 1995).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abel, L., Dell’Osso, L, Daroff, R.B. and Parker, L., 1979, Saccades in extremes of lateral gaze, Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 18: 324–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alpern, M., 1953, Metacontrast, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 29: 631–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alpem, M. and Ellen, P., 1956, A quantitative analysis of the horizontal movements of the eyes in the experiment of Johannes Mueller. I. Methods and results, Am. J. Ophihalmol. 42: 289–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aslin, R. N. and Shea, S. L., 1987, The amplitude and angle of saccades to double-step target displacements, Vis. Res. 27: 1925–1942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Averbauch-Heller, L., Lewis, R. F., and Zee, D. S., 1999, Disconjugate adaptation of

    Google Scholar 

  • saccades: contribution of binocular and monocular mechanisms. Vis. Res. 39: 341–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahill, A. T. and Stark, L., 1979, The trajectory of saccadic eye movements, Sci. Am. 240: 108–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahill, A. T., 1981, Bioengineering: Biomedical, Medical, and Clinical Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pg. 146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, W. and Jurgens, R., 1979, An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double step stimuli, Vis. Res. 19: 967–982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bucci, M. P., Kapoula, Z., and Eggert, T, 1999, Saccade amplitude disconjugacy induced by aniseikonia: role of monocular depth cues, Vis. Res. 39: 3109–3122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell F. W., and Wurtz, R. H., 1978, Saccadic omission: Why we do not see a grey-out during a saccadic eye movement, Vis. Res. 18: 1297–1303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaturvedi, V. and van Gisbergen, J. A. M., 1999, Perturbation of combined saccade-vergence movements by microstimulation in monkey superior colliculus, J. Neurophysiol. 81: 2279–2296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciuffreda K.J. and Stark, L., 1975, Descartes’ law of reciprocal innervation, Amer. J. Optom. Physiolo. Opt. 52: 662–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciuffreda, K.J. and Tannen, B., 1995, Eye Movement Basics for the Clinician, Mosby, St. Louis, MO, pp. 36–71, 127–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. R. and Crane, H. D., 1978, Dynamic interactions in binocular vision, in: Eye Movements and the Higher Psychological Functions, J. W. Senders, D. F. Fisher, and R. A. Monty, eds., Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 77–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collewijn, H., Erkelens, C. J., and Steinman, R. M., 1988, Binocular co-ordination of human saccadic eye movements, J. Physiol. 404: 157–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collewijn, H., Erkelens, C. J., and Steinman, R. M., 1995, Voluntary binocular gaze-shifts in the plane of regard: dynamics of version and vergence, Vis. Res. 35: 3335–3358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collewijn, H., Erkelens, C. J., and Steinman, R. M., 1997, Trajectories of the human binocular fixation point during conjugate and non-conjugate gaze-shifts, Vis. Res. 37: 1049–1069.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggert, T. and Kapoula, Z., 1995, Position dependency of rapidly induced saccade disconjugacy, Vis. Res. 35: 3493–3503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enright, J. T., 1984, Changes in vergence mediated by saccades, J. Physiol. 350: 9–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enright, J. T., 1986, Facilitation of vergence changes by saccades: influences of misfocused images and of disparity stimuli in man, J. Physiol. 371: 69–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enright, J. T., 1992, The remarkable saccades of asymmetrical vergence, Vis. Res. 32: 2261–2276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erkelens, C. J., Steinman, R. M., and Collewijn, H., 1989, Ocular vergence under natural conditions: II: Gaze shifts between real targets differing in distance and direction, Proc. R. Soc. London.(B). 236: 444–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, J. M., and Harris, L. R., 1993, Horizontal saccades to dichoptically presented targets of differing disparities, Vis. Res., 33: 1001–1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamlin, P. D. R. and Clarke, R. J., 1995, Single-unit activity in the primate nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis related to vergence and ocular accommodation, J. Neurophysiol. 73: 2135–2119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamlin, P. D. R. and Mays, L. E., 1992, Dynamic properties of medial rectus motoneurons during vergence eye movements, J. Neurophysiol. 67: 64–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassman, R. B., 1999, A working memory “theory of relativity”: Elasticity in temporal, spatial, and modality dimensions conserves item capacity in radial maze, verbal tasks, and other cognition, Brain Res. Bull. 48: 475–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hering, E.. 1977 (originally 1868), The Theory of Binocular Vision, B. Bridgman and L. Stark L, eds. trans., Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou, R. L. and Fender, D. H., 1979, Processing of direction and magnitude by the saccadic eye movement system, Vis. Res. 19: 1421–1426

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K., 1998a, Dynamic model of saccade-vergence interactions, Med. Sci. Res. 26: 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K., 1998b, Saccade-vergence trajectories under free-and instrument-space environments, Curr. Eye Res. 17: 159–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K. and Ciuffreda, K. J., 1996, Schematic model of saccade-vergence interactions, Med. Sci. Res. 24: 813–816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K., Ciuffreda, K. J., Semmlow, J. L., and Horng, J.- L., 1994, Vergence eye movements under natural viewing conditions, Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 35: 3486–3492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K., Li, S., Semmlow, J. L., and Ciuffreda K. J., 1990, Suppression of sensitivity to change in target disparity during vergence eye movements, Exp. Neurol. 110: 291–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K., Semmlow, J. L., and Ciuffreda, K. J., 1983, Identification of accommodative vergence contribution to the near response using response variance,. Invest. Ophthal. Sci., 24: 772–777.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K., Semmlow, J. L., and Ciuffreda, K. J., 1984, The near response: modeling, instrumentation,and clinical applications, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin. 31: 910–919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K., Semmlow, J. L., and Ciuffreda, K. J., 1986, A dual-mode dynamic model of the vergence eye movement system, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin. 33: 1021–1028.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K., Wang, T. J., Ciuffreda, K. J., and Semmlow, J. L., 1989, Suppression of sensitivity to surround displacement during vergence eye movements. Exp. Neurol. 105: 300–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, G. K., Thu, H. M. and Ciuffreda, K. J., 1997, Convergence and divergence exhibit different response characteristics to symmetric stimuli, Vis. Res. 37: 1197–1205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Judge, S. J. and Cumming, B. G., 1986, Neurons in the monkey midbrain with activity related to vergence eye movement and accommodation, J. Neurophysiol. 55: 915–930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurgens, R., Becker, W., and Kornhuber, H. H., 1981, Natural and drug-induced variations of velocity and duration of human saccadic eye movements: evidence for a control of the neural pulse generator by local feedback, Biol. Cyber. 39: 87–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoula, Z., Eggert, T., and Bucci, M. P., 1995, Immediate saccade amplitude disconjugacy induced by unequal images, Vis. Res. 35: 3505–3516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E. L., 1977, Control of saccadic eye movements by midline brain stem neurons, in: Control of Gaze by Brain Stem Neurons, Baker R and Berthoz A, eds., Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 327–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E. L. and Robinson, D. A., 1972, Abducens unit behavior in the monkey during vergence movements, Vis. Res. 12: 369–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, R. V. and Ciuffreda, K. J., 1978, Unequal saccades during vergence, Am. J Optom. Physiol. Opt. 57: 586–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, R. V., Ciuffreda, K. J., and Stark, L. 1980, An unexpected role for normal accommodative vergence in strabismus and amblyopia, Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 57: 655–577.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, W. M. and Fuchs, A. F., 1977, Neuronal activity in the mesencephalon related to vertical eye movements, in: Control of Gaze by Brain Stem Neurons, R. Baker and A. Berthoz, eds., Elsevier-North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 319–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan, V. V. and Stark, L., 1977. A heuristic model for the human vergence eye movement system. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin. 24: 44–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krommenhoek, K. P. and van Gisbergen, J. A. M., 1994, Evidence for nonretinal feedback in combined version-vergence eye movements, Exp. Brain Res. 102: 95–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, R. J. and Zee, D. S., 1991, The Neurology of Eye Movements, 2nd Ed., F.A. Davis

    Google Scholar 

  • Company, Philadelphia, PA. Manning, K. A. and Riggs, L. A., 1984, Vergence eye movements and visual suppression, Vis. Res. 24: 521–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, J. S. and King, W. M., 1992, Dynamics and efficacy of saccade-facilitated vergence eye movements in monkeys, J. Neurophysiol. 68: 1248–1260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mays, L. E., 1983, Neurophysiological correlates of vergence eye movements, in: C. M. Schor and K. J. Ciuffreda, eds. Vergence Eye Movements: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Butterworths, Boston, pp. 649–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mays, L. E., 1984, Neural conrol of vergence eye movements: convergence and divergence neurons in the midbrain, J. Neurophysiol. 51: 1091–1108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mays, L. E. and Gamlin, P. D. R., 1995,. A neural mechanism subserving saccade-vergence interactions, in: J. M. Findlay et al, eds., Eye Movement Research, Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 215–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mays, L. E. and Porter, J. D., 1984, Neural control of vergence eye movements: activity of abducens and oculomotor neurons, J. Neurophysiol. 52: 743–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mays, L. E., Porter, J. D., Gamlin, P. D. R, and Tello, C. A., 1986, Neural control of vergence eye movements: neurons encoding vergence velocity, J. Neurophysiol. 56: 1007–1021.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. M., Ono, H., and Steinbach, M. J., 1980, Additivity of fusional vergence and pursuit eye movements, Vis. Res. 20: 43–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ono, H. 1983, The combination of version and vergence, in: Vergence Eye Movements: Basic and Clinical Aspects, C. Schor and K. J. Ciuffreda, eds., Butterworths, Boston, pp. 373–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ono, H. and Nakamizo, S., 1977, Saccadic eye movements during changes in fixation to stimuli at different distances, Vis. Res. 17: 233–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panum, P. L. 1858. Physiologische Untersuchungen über das Sehen mit zwei Augen. Schwersche Buchandlung, Kiel, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rashbass, C. and Westheimer, G., 1961a, The relationship between saccadic and smooth tracking eye movements, J. Physiol. 159: 326–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rashbass, C. and Westheimer, G., 1961b, Disjunctive eye movements, I Physiol. 159: 339–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, L. A. and Niehls, E. W., 1960, Eye movements recorded during convergence and divergence, J. Opt. Soc Am. 50: 913–920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. A., 1973, Models of the saccadic eye movement control system, Kybernetic. 14: 71–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schor, C. M., 1979, The influence of rapid prism adaptation upon fixation disparity, Vis. Res. 19: 757–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schor C. M., Robertson K. M., and Wesson, M., 1986, Disparity vergence dynamics and fixation disparity, Am. I Optom. Physiol. Opt. 63: 611–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scudder, C. A., 1988, A new local feedback model of the saccadic burst generator, J. Neurophysiol. 59: 1455–1475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semmlow, J.L., Hung, G. K., and Ciuffreda, K. J., 1986, Quantitative assessment of disparity vergence components, Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci. 27: 558–564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semmlow, J. L., Hung, G. K., Homg, J. L., and Ciuffreda, K. J. 1993, The initial control

    Google Scholar 

  • component in disparity vergence eye movements, Ophthal. Physiol. Optics,13: 48–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semmlow, J. L., Hung, G. K., Homg, J. L., and Ciuffreda, K. J. 1994, Disparity vergence eye movements exhibit preprogrammed motor control, Vis. Res. 34: 1335–1343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semmlow, J. L. and Venkiteswaren, N., 1976, Dynamic accommodative vergence in binocular vision, Vis. Res. 16: 403–411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. U., Schmidt, J., and Putz V., 1970, Binocular coordination: feedback synchronization of eye movements for space perception, Am. J Optom. Arch. Am. Acad. Optom. 47: 679–689.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. L., 1986, Translation of sensory signals into commands for control of saccadic eye movements: role of primate superior colliculus, Physiol. Rev. 66: 118–171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stark, L., 1968, Neurological Control Systems: Studies in Bioengineering. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinman, R. M. and Collewijn, H., 1981, Binocular retinal image motion during active head rotation, Vis. Res. 20: 415–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamler, E., Jampolsky, A., and Marg, E., 1958, An electromyographic study of asymmetric convergence, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 46: 174–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Steen, J. and Bruno, P., 1995, Unequal amplitude saccades produced by aniseikonic patterns: effect of viewing distance, Vis. Res. 35: 3459–3471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Gisbergen, J. A., Robinson, D. A., and Gielen, S., 1981, A quantitative analysis of generation of saccadic eye movements by burst neurons, J. Neurophysiol. 45: 417–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkmann, F. C., Riggs, L. A., Ellicott, A. G., and Moore, R. K., 1982, Measurements of visual suppression during opening and closing, and blinking of the eyes, Vis. Res. 22: 991–996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westheimer, G. and Mitchell, A. M., 1956, Eye movement responses to convergence stimuli., Arch Ophthalmol. 55: 848–856.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeles, L., Boynton. R., and Cohen, G., 1966, Eye movement responses to step and pulse-step stimuli, J Opt. Soc. Am. 56: 956–960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarbus, A. L., 1967 (originally 1956), Eye Movements and Vision, B. Haigh, trans. and L. A. Riggs, ed., Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, L. R. and Stark, L., 1962. A sampled-data model for eye tracking movements, Quart. Prog. Rept., Res. Lab. Electronics, M.I.T. 66: 370–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zee, D. S., Fitzgibbon, E. J., and Optican, L. M., 1992, Saccade-vergence interactions in humans, J. Neurophysiol. 68: 1624–1641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zee, D. S. and Levi, L., 1989, Neurological aspects of vergence eye movements,. Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 145: 613–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, H. M., 1995,. Investigation of interaction between vergence and saccadic eye movements. M.S. Thesis, Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, pp. 35–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuber, B. L. and Stark, L. 1966. Saccadic suppression: elevation of visual threshold associated with saccadic eye movements, Expt. Neurol. 16: 65–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuber, B. L. and Stark, L. 1968, Dynamical characteristics of fusional vergence eye movement system,. IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern. 4: 72–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 617 Bowser Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854-8014, USA

    George K. Hung

  2. Dept. of Vision Sciences, State University of New York, State College of Optometry, 33 West 42nd St., New York, NY, 10036, USA

    Kenneth J. Ciuffreda

Authors
  1. George K. Hung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kenneth J. Ciuffreda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA

    George K. Hung

  2. State University of New York, New York, New York, USA

    Kenneth J. Ciuffreda

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hung, G.K., Ciuffreda, K.J. (2002). Models of Saccade-Vergence Interactions. In: Hung, G.K., Ciuffreda, K.J. (eds) Models of the Visual System. Topics in Biomedical Engineering International Book Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5865-8_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5865-8_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3377-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5865-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation