Skip to main content

Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents

  • Chapter
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology

Part of the book series: Advances in Clinical Child Psychology ((ACCP,volume 19))

Abstract

What kinds of home environments are best able to support children’s psychological adjustment and growth? This question has long held a central place in the field of research on child development. Researchers in the United States have often assumed that the most favorable home environments are provided by white, middle-class, two-parent families, in which the father is paid to work outside the home but the mother is not. Although rarely stated explicitly, it has most often been assumed that both parents in such families are heterosexual.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., and Edelbrock, C. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam, B. D. (1987). The rise of a gay and lesbian movement. Boston: Twayne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985a). Patterns of infant—mother attachments: Antecedents and effects on development. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61, 771–791.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985b). Attachments across the life span. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61, 792–812.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, K. R., and Demo, D. H. (1995). The families of lesbians and gay men: A new frontier in family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 111–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baptiste, D. A. (1987). Psychotherapy with gay/lesbian couples and their children in “stepfamilies”: A challenge for marriage and family therapists. In E. Coleman (Ed.), Integrated identity for gay men and lesbians: Psychotherapeutic approaches for emotional well-being (pp. 223–238 ). New York: Harrington Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barret, R. L., and Robinson, B. E. (1990). Gay fathers. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. L. (1983). Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-schematic society. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 8, 598–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benkov, L. (1994). Reinventing the family. New York: Crown Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigner, J. J., and Bozett, F. W. (1990). Parenting by gay fathers. In F. W. Bozett and M. B. Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and family relations (pp. 155–176 ). New York: Harrington Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenfeld, W. J., and Raymond, D. (1988). Looking at gay and lesbian life. Boston: Beacon. Bornstein, M. H. (ed.). (1995). Handbook of parenting. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent—child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozett, F. W. (1980). Gay fathers: How and why they disclose their homosexuality to their children. Family Relations, 29, 173–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bozett, F. W. (1982). Heterogeneous couples in heterosexual marriages: Gay men and straight women. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 8, 81–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bozett, F. W. (1987). Children of gay fathers. In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Gay and lesbian parents (pp. 39–57 ). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozett, F. W. (1989). Gay fathers: A review of the literature. In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Homosexuality and the family (pp. 137–162 ). New York: Harrington Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brantner, P. A. (1992). When mommy or daddy is gay: Developing constitutional standards for custody decisions. Hastings Women’s Law Journal, 3, 97–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1960). Freudian theories of identification and their derivatives. Child Development, 31, 15–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. S. (1995). Lesbian identities: Concepts and issues. In A. R. D’Augelli and C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay and bisexual identities over the lifespan (pp. 3–23 ). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cain, P. (1993). Litigating for lesbian and gay rights: A legal history. Virginia Law Review, 79, 1551–1642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casper, V., Schultz, S., and Wickens, E. (1992). Breaking the silences: Lesbian and gay parents and the schools. Teachers College Record, 94, 109–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M. (1988). Cross-cultural research in the sociohistorical tradition. Human Development, 31, 137–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, C. P., and Cowan, P. A. (1990). Who does what? In J. Touliatos, B. F. Perlmutter, and M. A. Straus (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques (pp. 447–448 ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, C. P., and Cowan, P. A. (1992). When partners become parents: The big life change for couples. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, D. (1986). Gay parents and their children: A review of research and practical implications. Journal of Counseling and Development, 64, 504–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, S. (1987). Lesbian families: Psychosocial stress and the family-building process. In Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective, Lesbian psychologies: Explorations and challenges (pp. 195–214 ). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Emilio, J. (1983). Sexual politics, sexual communities: The makings of a homosexual minority in the United States, 1940–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R. (1983). SCL-90-R administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dinnerstein, D. (1976). The mermaid and the minotaur: Sexual arrangements and human malaise. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J., and Plomin, R. (1990). Separate lives: Why siblings are so different. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eder, R. A. (1990). Uncovering young children’s psychological selves: Individual and developmental differences. Child Development, 61, 849–863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Editors of the Harvard Law Review. (1990). Sexual orientation and the law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eiduson, B. T., and Weisner, T. S. (1978). Alternative family styles: Effects on young children. In J. H. Stevens and M. Mathews (Eds.), Mother/child father/child relationships (pp. 197–221 ). Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H., Jr. (1986). Military timing and turning points in men’s lives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 233–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emery, R. E. (1982). Interparental conflict and the children of discord and divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faderman, L. (1991). Odd girls and twilight lovers: A history of lesbian life in twentieth century America. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk, P. J. (1989). Lesbian mothers: Psychosocial assumptions in family law. American Psychologist, 44, 941–947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, P. J. (1994). The gap between psychosocial assumptions and empirical research in lesbian-mother child custody cases. In A. E. Gottfried and A. W. Gottfried (Eds.), Redefining families: Implications for children’s development (pp. 131.-156). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D., and Russell, D. (1984). Women as perpetrators: Review of the evidence. In D. Finkelhor (Ed.), Child sexual abuse: New theory and research (pp. 171–187 ). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaks, D., Ficher, I., Masterpasqua, F., and Joseph, G. (1995). Lesbians choosing motherhood: A comparative study of lesbian and heterosexual parents and their children. Developmental Psychology, 31, 104–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freiberg, P. (1990). Lesbian moms can give kids empowering role models. APA Monitor, 21, 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, E. D. (1988). Psychosocial development of children raised by lesbian mothers: A review of research. Women and Therapy, 8, 55–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, C. P. (1979). Herland. New York: Pantheon. (Originally published 1915 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Golombok, S., Spencer, A., and Rutter, M. (1983). Children in lesbian and single-parent house-holds: Psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 551–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonsiorek, J. (1991). The empirical basis for the demise of the illness model of homosexuality. In J. C. Gonsiorek and J. D. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 115–136 ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried, A. E., and Gottfried, A. W. (Eds.). (1994). Redefining families: Implications for children’s development. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottman, J. S. (1990). Children of gay and lesbian parents. IN F. W. Bozett and M. B. Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and family relations (pp. 177–196 ). New York: Harrington Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, G. D., and Bozett, F. W. (1991). Lesbian mothers and gay fathers. In J. C. Gonsiorek and J. D. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 197–214 ). Bev-erly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, R. (1978). Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 692–697.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, R., Mandel, J. B., Hotvedt, M. E., Gray, J., and Smith, L. (1986). Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparison with solo parent heterosexual mothers and their children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 167–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groth, A. N., and Birnbaum, H. J. (1978). Adult sexual orientation and attraction to underage persons. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 7, 175–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hand, S. I. (1991). The lesbian parenting couple. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Professional School of Psychology, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hare, J., and Richards, L. (1993). Children raised by lesbian couples: Does the context of birth affect father and partner involvement? Family Relations, 42, 249–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, A. O., Wilson, M. N., Pine, C. J., Chan, S. Q., and Buriel, R. (1990). Family ecologies of 15ethnic minority children. Child Development, 61, 347–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (1995). Psychological heterosexism in the United States. In A. R. D’Augelli and C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives (pp. 321–346 ). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, D. J. (1988). Demographic trends and the living arrangements of children. In E. M. Hetherington and J. D. Arasteh (Eds.), Impact of divorce, single parenting, and stepparenting on children (pp. 3–22 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, E. M., and Arasteh, J. D. (Eds.). (1988). Impact of divorce, single parenting, and stepparenting on children. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitchens, D. J. (1979/1980). Social attitudes, legal standards, and personal trauma in child custody cases. Journal of Homosexuality, 5, 1–20, 89–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochschild, A. R. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoeffer, B. (1981). Children’s acquisition of sex-role behavior in lesbian-mother families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 5, 536–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, L. W. (1984). Work, family, and socialization of the child. In R. D. Parke (Ed.), Review of child development research, Vol. 7. The family (pp. 223–282 ). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, S. L. (1989). A comparative study of self-esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced heterosexual mothers. In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Homosexuality and the Family (pp. 123–135 ). New York: Harrington Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huston, A. (1983). Sex typing. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 387–487 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, T. (Ed.). (1987). Family interaction and psychopathology: Theories, methods, and findings. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenny, C., Roesler, T. A., and Poyer, K. L. (1994). Are children at risk for sexual abuse by homosexuals? Pediatrics, 94, 41–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. M., and McFarlane, K. (Eds.). (1980). Sexual abuse of children: Selected readings. Washington, DC: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, M. (1987). Clinical implications of lesbian mother studies. Journal of Homosexuality, 13, 201–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, M., Smith, C., and Roy, R. (1981). Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparative survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 545–551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, C., and Wilkinson, S. (1995). Transitions from heterosexuality to lesbianism: The discursive production of lesbian identities. Developmental Psychology, 31, 95–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleber, D. J., Howell, R. J., and Tibbits-Kleber, A. L. (1986). The impact of parental homosexuality in child custody cases: A review of the literature. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 14, 81–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koepke, L., Hare, J., and Moran, P. B. (1992). Relationship quality in a sample of lesbian couples with children and child-free lesbian couples. Family Relations, 41, 224–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlberg, L. (1966). A cognitive-developmental analysis of children’s sex-role concepts and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp. 82–173 ). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. Madison, CT: International Universities Press. Kohut, H. (1984). How does analysis cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurdek, L. (1993). The allocation of household labor in homosexual and heterosexual co-habiting couples. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 127–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. (1993). Lesbian and gay families. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes ( 2nd ed., pp. 282–328 ). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (1982). Nontraditional families: Parenting and child development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (In press). The role of the father in child development ( 3rd ed. ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laosa, L. M. (1988). Ethnicity and single parenting in the United States. In E. M. Hetherington and J. D. Arasteh (Eds.), Impact of divorce, single parenting, and stepparenting on children (pp. 23–49 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, E. (1993). Lesbian mothers: Accounts of gender in American culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, K. G. (1980). Children of lesbians: Their point of view. Social Work, 25, 198–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, H., and Wallace, K. (1959). Short marital adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lott-Whitehead, L., and Tully, C. T. (1993). The family lives of lesbian mothers. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63, 265–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A developmental account. American Psychologist, 45, 513–520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A. (1989). The planned lesbian and gay family: Parenthood and children. Newsletter of the Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian and Gay Issues, 5, 6, 16–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A. (1993). The lesbian and gay parenting handbook: Creating and raising our families. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCandlish, B. (1987). Against all odds: Lesbian mother family dynamics. In F. Bozett (Ed.), Gay and lesbian parents (pp. 23–38 ). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLoyd, V. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psycho-logical distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. (1979). Gay fathers and their children. Family Coordinator, 28, 544–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Money, J., and Ehrhardt, A. A. (1972). Man and woman, boy and girl: The differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Uni-versity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nungesser, L. G. (1980). Theoretical basis for research on the acquisition of social sex roles by children of lesbian mothers. Journal of Homosexuality, 5, 177–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell, A. (1993). Voices from the heart: The developmental impact of a mother’s lesbianism on her adolescent children. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63, 281–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okin, S. M. (1989). Justice, gender and the family. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, K. D., and Emery, R. E. (1984). Marital discord and child behavior problems. In M. D. Levine and P. Satz (Eds.), Middle childhood: Development and dysfunction (pp. 345–364 ). Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagelow, M. D. (1980). Heterosexual and lesbian single mothers: A comparison of problems, coping and solutions. Journal of Homosexuality, 5, 198–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parke, R. D. (Ed.). (1984). Review of child development research, Volume 7: The family. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J. (1992). Children of lesbian and gay parents. Child Development, 63, 1025–1042.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J. (1994a). Children of the lesbian baby boom: Behavioral adjustment, self-concepts, and sex-role identity. In B. Greene and G. Herek (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 156–175 ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J. (1994b). Lesbian and gay couples considering parenthood: An agenda for research, service and advocacy. Journal of Lesbian and Gay Social Services, 1, 33–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J. (1995a). Lesbian mothers, gay fathers, and their children. In A. R. D’Augelli and C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives (pp. 262–290 ). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J. (1995b). Families of the lesbian baby boom: Parents’ division of labor and children’s adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 31, 115–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J. (1995c). Adoption of minor children by lesbian and gay adults: A social science perspective. Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy, 2, 191–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J. (1995d). Lesbian and gay parenthood. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting, Vol. 3: Status and social conditions of parenting (pp. 255–274 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J. (1995e). Sexual orientation and human development: An overview. Developmental Psychology, 31, 3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J., and Chan, R. W. (1996). Gay fathers and their children. In R. P. Cabaj and T. S. Stein (Eds.), Homosexuality and mental health: A comprehensive textbook (pp. 371–393 ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J., Hurt, S., and Mason, C. (1995). Families of the lesbian baby boom: Children’s contacts with grandparents and other adults outside their households. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J., and Kosmitzki, C. (1995). Families of the lesbian baby boom: Maternal mental health, household composition, and child adjustment. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, C. J., and Redding, R. (in press). Lesbian and gay families with children: Public policy implications of social science research. Journal of Social Issues.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J. P. (1986). Growing up with a gay, lesbian, or bisexual parent: An exploratory study of experiences and perceptions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pies, C. (1985). Considering parenthood. San Francisco: Spinsters/Aunt Lute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pies, C. (1990). Lesbians and the choice to parent. In F. W. Bozett and M. B. Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and family relations (pp. 137–154 ). New York: Harrington Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polikoff, N. (1986). Lesbian mothers, lesbian families, legal obstacles, legal challenges. Review of Law and Social Change, 14, 907–914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polikoff, N. (1990). This child does have two mothers: Redefining parenthood to meet the needs of children in lesbian mother and other nontraditional families. Georgetown Law Review, 78, 459–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, S., Sr Vaughn, J. (1987). Politics of the heart: A lesbian parenting anthology. Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puryear, D. (1983). A comparison between the children of lesbian mothers and the children of heterosexual mothers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafkin, L. (1990). Different mothers: Sons and daughters of lesbians talk about their lives. Pittsburgh: Cleis Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rand, C., Graham, D. L. R., and Rawlings, E. I. (1982). Psychological health and factors the court seeks to control in lesbian mother custody trials. Journal of Homosexuality, 8, 27–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, R. L. (1979). A comparison of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers on three measures of socialization. Berkeley: California School of Professional Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reppucci, N. D. (1984). The wisdom of Solomon: Issues in child custody determination. In N. D. Reppucci, L. A. Weithorn, E. P. Mulvey, and J. Monahan (Eds.), Children, mental health, and the law (pp. 59–78 ). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricketts, W. (1991). Lesbians and gay men as foster parents. Portland: National Child Welfare Resource Center, University of Southern Main.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricketts, W., and Achtenberg, R. (1990). Adoption and foster parenting for lesbians and gay men: Creating new traditions in family. In F. W. Bozett and M. B. Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and family relations (pp. 83–118). New York: Harrington Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, C. (1988). American kinship: A lesbian account. Feminist Issues, 8, 75–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, R. (1991). Sexual orientation and the law. In J. C. Gonsiorek and J. D. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 81–100 ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking. New York: Oxford University Press. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruble, D. N., Fleming, A. S., Hackel, L. S., and Stangor, C. (1988). Changes in the marital relationship during the transition to first time motherhood: Effects of violated expectations concerning division of household labor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 78–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Izard, C. E., and Read, P. B. (Eds.). (1986). Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J., and Chandler, M. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty. In F. D. Horowitz (Ed.). Review of child development research (Vol. 4, pp. 187–244 ). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, M. B., Brookins, G. K., and Allen, W. R. (Eds.). (1985). Beginnings: The social and affective development of black children. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steckel, A. (1985). Separation—individuation in children of lesbian and heterosexual couples. Unpub-lished doctoral dissertation, Wright Institute Graduate School, Berkeley, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steckel, A. (1987). Psychosocial development of children of lesbian mothers. In F. W. Bozett (Ed.), Gay and lesbian parents (pp. 75–85 ). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tasker, E L., and Golombok, S. (1991). Children raised by lesbian mothers: The empirical evidence. Family Law, 21, 184–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tasker, E, and Golombok, S. (1995). Adults raised as children in lesbian families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 203–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weisner, T. S., and Wilson-Mitchell, J. E. (1990). Nonconventional family lifestyles and sex typing in six year olds. Child Development, 61, 1915–1933.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weston, K. (1991). Families we choose: Lesbians, gays, kinship. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Patterson, C.J. (1997). Children of Lesbian and Gay Parents. In: Ollendick, T.H., Prinz, R.J. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 19. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9035-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9035-1_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9037-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9035-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics