Skip to main content

Chemical Modification and Some Cross-linking Reactions of Water-Soluble Polymers

  • Chapter
Chemistry and Technology of Water-Soluble Polymers

Abstract

Many chemical reactions of water-soluble polymers are possible, depending on the presence of reactive groups attached to a polymer chain able to combine with other water-soluble polymers (polymeric or otherwise) under conditions which do not significantly degrade the polymer. Since the property of water solubility implies the presence of a substantial number of polar groups in the molecule, the potential and, indeed, the actual degree of complexity of chemical behaviour is considerable. It is therefore worth establishing some simple principles, common to most water-soluble polymers, which describe the actual or possible cross-linking reactions. In general, and with a considerable degree of over-simplification, ‘chemical modification’ can be considered as a part-way stage towards the cross-linking which results in a more rigid, and possibly less soluble, molecular structure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

General Reading

  • H. Morawetz, ‘Macromolecules in Solution’. 2nd. Ed. 1975:New York. John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • R.L. Davidson (Ed.), ‘Handbook of Water-soluble Gums and Resins’ 3rd. Ed. 1980: New York. McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • N.M. Bikales (Ed.), ‘Water-Soluble Polymers’ (A.C.S. Symposium, 1972) 1973:New York. Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • S.P. Rowland (Ed.), ‘Water in Polymers’ (A.C.S. Symposium, 1979) 1980: New York. American Chemical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • S.C. Temin, ‘Cross-linking’ in ‘Encyclopedia of Polymer Science & Technology’ (Ed. by H.F. Mark et al.) 1966:New York. John Wiley & Sons. Vol. 4, 331–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • E.A. MacGregor and C.T. Greenwood, ‘Polymers in Nature’. 1980:Chiehester John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • A.G. Ward and A. Courts (Eds.), ‘Science and Technology of. Gelatin’ 1977: London. Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Veis, ‘Macromolecular chemistry of Gelatin’. 1965:New York. Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Milch, ‘Reaction of certain aliphatic aldehydes with gelatin’ Gerontologia, 1964/1965, 10, 117–136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Synthetic hydroxy-polymers

  • C.A. Finch (Ed.), ‘Polyvinyl Alcohol: Properties and Applications’ 1973:Chiehester. Wiley-Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Wichterle, ‘Hydrogels’ in ‘Encyclopedia of Polymer Science & Technology’ (Ed. by H.F. Mark et al.) 1971:New York. John Wiley & Sons. vol.15, pp.273–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • M.F. Refugo, ‘Contact Lenses’, ‘Encyclopedia of Polymer Science & Technology’.,1977, Suppl. vol.1, pp.195–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • M.F. Refugo, ‘Contact Lenses’ in ‘Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology’ (Ed. M.F. Grayson et al.) 1979:New York. John Wiley & Sons. Vol.6, pp.720–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • D.C. Pedley, P.J. Skelly and B.J. Tighe, ‘Hydrogels in biomedical applications’ Br.polym.J.,1980, 12, 99–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Miscellaneous

  • G. Manecke and P. Reuter, ‘Reactions on and with Polymers’ Pure & Applied Chenu, 1979,51, 2313–2330.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.L. Metzler (Ed.), ‘Water Soluble Polymers — Developments since 1978’ (summary of U.S. Patent literature) 1981: Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Data Corporation (and earlier volumes).

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. P.J. Flory, J. Amer.chem.Soc, 1941, 63, 3083.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. W.H. Stockmayer, J.chem.Phys., 1945, 11, 45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. M. Gordon and J. A. Torkington, Pure & Applied Chem., 1981, 53, 1461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. P.J. Flory, ‘Principles of Polymer Science’. 1953:Ithaca. Cornell University Press. pp.356–361.

    Google Scholar 

  5. W. Kuhn and G. Balmer, J.polymer Sci., 1962, 57, 311; K.W. Kilb, ibid.,1959, 38, 403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A.G. Ward and A. Courts (Eds.), ‘Science and Technology of Gelatin’, 1977:London. Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  7. P.J. Flory and J. Reiher, J.chem.Phys.,1943,11,521.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. P.J. Flory, Disc. Faraday Soc., 1974, 57, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. J. A. Radley (Ed.), ‘Industrial Uses of Starch and its Derivatives’. 1976: London, Applied Science Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. J. A. Radley (Ed.), ‘Starch and its Derivatives’, 1968:London. Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  11. J. T. Marsh, ‘Self-Smoothing Fabrics’, 1962:London. Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  12. A.H. Nissan, G. Khunger and S.S. Sterstein, in ‘Encyclopedia of Polymer Science & Technology’ (Ed. by H.F. Mark et al.), 1965: New York. John Wiley & Sons, Vol.3, pp.131–226.

    Google Scholar 

  13. S.P. Rowland, ‘Cellulose — Distribution of Substituents’, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science & Technology, 1977, Suppl. Vol. 1, 146–175.

    Google Scholar 

  14. G. Stainsby, in Ref 6, p.179.

    Google Scholar 

  15. R.C. Clark and A. Courts, in Ref.6, p.209.

    Google Scholar 

  16. F. Sanger, Biochem.J., 1945, 39, 507.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. T.C. Mullen, J.soc.Leather Trades chem., 1962, 46, 162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. E.g. Fuji Photo Film Co., Brit.Pat. 1,022,656 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ref.6, p.218.

    Google Scholar 

  20. A.W. Kenchington, Biochem.J., 1958, 68, 458.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Agfa A.G., Belg.Pat. 662,606 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  22. D.G. Hoare and D.E. Koshland, J. Amer.chem.Soc., 1966, 88, 2507.

    Google Scholar 

  23. See D.M. Burness and J. Pouradier in ‘Theory of the Photographic Process’ (Ed.T.H. James) 4th. Ed. 1977:New York. Macmillan. pp. 77–87.

    Google Scholar 

  24. E.g.H. Sera, T. Ishii, J. Yamaguchi and H. Shiraishi (to Fuji Photo Film Co.), U.S.Pat.4,173,481 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  25. K. Emoto, K. Yabuta, K. Yamashita and K. Futaki (to Mitsubishi Paper Mills), U.S.Pat. 4,134,770 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Gevaert Photo-Producten N.V., Brit.Pat. 990, 275 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  27. P. Alexander, M. Fox, K.A. Stacey and L.F. Smith, Biochem.J., 1952, 52, 177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. H. Bestian, Ann.chim.,1950, 506, 210.

    Google Scholar 

  29. See Ref. 6, pp.226,229, and also R.J. Croome and D.B. Thomas(to P. Leiner & Sons Ltd.) U.S.Pat.4,072,624 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  30. E.g. C.F.H. Allen, R.H. Talbot, J. Yuderson and D.A. Smith, U.S.Pat. 3,047,394 (1962); VEB Filmfabrik Agfa Wolfen, Ger.Pat.1, 085, 663 (1960); D.M. Burness, U.S.Pat.3, 189,459 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  31. W.O. Kenyon, D.A. Smith, and E.W. Taylor, U.S.Pat.3, 220, 864 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  32. B.H. Kress, U.S.Pat.2, 868, 773 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  33. A. Courts and P. Homan, J.appl.polymer Sci., 1972, 22, 1253, and also Ref. 6, p.232.

    Google Scholar 

  34. B.E. Tabor, J.appl.polymer Sci., 1968, 12, 1967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. I.D. Robinson, J.appl.polymer Sci. 1964, 8, 1903.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. P. Davis and B.R. Tabor, J.polymer Sci., A, 1963, 1, 799.

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. H. Bowes and C.W. Cater, Biochim.biophys. Acta, 1968, 168, 341; J.appl.Chem.,1965, 15, 296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. J. H. Bowes, C.W. Cater, and M.J. Ellis, J. Amer.leather Chem.Assoc., 1965, 60, 275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. E.g. R.A. Jeffreys, B.E. Tabor, and D.M. Burness, U.S.Pat.3,034,894 (1962), 3,057,723 (1962),3,062,652 (1962); Kodak Ltd., Brit.Pat. 921, 120 (1963), 928, 591 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  40. C.F.H. Allen and T.M. Laakso, U.S.Pat.2, 726, 162 (1955); 2, 816, 125 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  41. C.F.H. Allen and B.H. Carroll, U.S.Pat.2, 725, 295 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  42. N. Yamamoto and Y. Oishi, U.S.Pat. 3, 325, 287 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  43. R. Ohi, N. Yamamoto and K. Hori, in ‘Photographic Gelatin’ (Ed. R.H. Cox) 1972:London. Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  44. In R.L. Whistler, ‘Industrial Gums’, 1973:New York. Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  45. See, e.g. B.K. Green (to National Cash Register Co. Inc)U.S.Pat. Reissue 24, 899 (1960); 2,800,457.

    Google Scholar 

  46. A. Kondo, ‘Microcapsule Processing and Technology’ 1979:New York. Marcel Dekker Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  47. R.E. Sparkes, ‘Microencapsulation’ in ‘Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology’ 3rd. Ed. (Ed. M. Grayson et al.) 1981:New York. John Wiley & Sons. Vol. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ref. 6, p.238.

    Google Scholar 

  49. For detailed References, see especially K. Noro in ‘Polyvinyl Alcohol: Properties and Applications’ (Ed. C.A. Finch). 1973: Chiehester. John Wiley & Sons. Chapters 3 and 4.

    Google Scholar 

  50. A.S. Dunn, Chem. & Ind.,1980,801.

    Google Scholar 

  51. See, e.g. J. G. Pritchard ‘Poly(vinyl alcohol): Basic Properties and Uses’ 1970:London. Gordon & Breach.

    Google Scholar 

  52. C.A. Finch, ‘Polyvinyl Alcohol: Properties and Applications’ 1973:Chichester. John Wiley & Sons. Chapter 9.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Finch, C.A. (1983). Chemical Modification and Some Cross-linking Reactions of Water-Soluble Polymers. In: Finch, C.A. (eds) Chemistry and Technology of Water-Soluble Polymers. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9661-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9661-2_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9663-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9661-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics