Abstract
In his recent chapter on the history of psychotherapy integration, Arkowitz (1992b) reviews a large number of articles and books on integration that have made significant theoretical and clinical contributions. In contrast, empirical evaluations of these ideas have lagged behind. He argues that until research on the effectiveness of integrative treatments and tests of hypotheses derived from integrative theories are carried out, the promise of these new approaches will remain unfulfilled.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andrews, J. (1988). Self-confirmation theory: A paradigm for psychotherapy integration. Part I. Content analysis of therapeutic styles. Journal of Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy, 7, 359–384.
Andrews, J. (1990). Interpersonal self-confirmation and challenge in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 27, 485–504.
Andrews, J. (1991). The active self in psychotherapy: An integration of therapeutic styles. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Arkowitz, H. (1992a). A common factors therapy for depression. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 394–424). New York: Basic Books.
Arkowitz, H. (1992b). Integrative theories of therapy. In D. K. Freedheim (Ed.), History of psychotherapy: A century of change (pp. 261–303). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Arkowitz, H., & Messer, S. B. (Eds.). (1984). Psychoanalytic therapy and behavior therapy: Is integration possible? New York: Plenum Press.
Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (1992). Cognitive therapy and psychotherapy-integration. In D. K. Freedheim (Ed.), History of psychotherapy: A century of change (pp. 657–694). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Barkham, M., Shapiro, D. A., & Firth-Cozens, J. (1989). Personal questionnaire changes in prescriptive vs. exploratory psychotherapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 97–107.
Barth, K., Nielsen, G., Havik, O. E., Haver, B., Molstad, E., Rogge, H., Skatun, M., Heiberg, A. N., & Ursin, H. (1988). Assessment for three different forms of short-term dynamic psychotherapy: Findings from the Bergen project. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 49,153–159.
Beard, H., Marlowe, M., & Ryle, A. (1990). The management and treatment of personality disordered patients: The use of sequential diagrammatic reformulation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 541–545
Beitman, B. D. (1987). The structure of individual psychotherapy. New York: Guilford.
Benjamin, L. S. (1974). Structural analysis of social behavior. Psychological Review, 81, 392–425.
Benjamin, L. S. (1987a). Combined use of the MCMI and the SASB Intrex questionnaires to document and facilitate personality change during long-term psychotherapy. In C. Green (Ed.), Conference on the Millon Clinical Inventories (pp. 305–323). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
Benjamin, L. S. (1987b). Use of structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) to define and measure confrontation in psychotherapy. In W Huber (Ed.), Progress in psychotherapy research (pp. 469–495). Louvain la Neuve, Belgium: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
Benjamin, L. S. (1991). Brief SASB-directed reconstructive learning therapy. In P. Crits-Christoph & J. Barber (Eds.), Handbook of short-term dynamic psychotherapy (pp. 248–286). New York: Basic Books.
Benjamin, L. S. (in press). Interpersonal diagnosis and treatment of DSM personality disorders. New York: Guilford.
Berzins, J. I. (1977). Therapist-patient matching. In A. S. Gurman & A. M. Razin (Eds.), Effective psychotherapy: A handbook of research (pp. 222–251). New York: Pergamon Press.
Beutler, L. E. (1979). Toward specific psychological therapies for specific conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 882–897.
Beutler, L. E. (1983). Eclectic psychotherapy: A systematic approach. New York: Pergamon Press.
Beutler, L. E. (1989). Differential treatment selection: The role of diagnosis in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 26, 271–281.
Beutler, L. E. (1991). Selective treatment matching: Systematic eclectic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 28,457–462.
Beutler, L. E., & Clarkin, J. F. (1990). Systematic treatment selection: Toward targeted therapeutic interventions. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Beutler, L. E., & Mitchell, R. (1981). Differential psychotherapy outcome in depressed and impulsive patients as a function of analytic and experiential treatment procedures. Psychiatry, 44, 297–306.
Beutler, L. E., Engle, D, Mohr, D, Daldrup, R., Bergan, J., Meredith, K., & Merry, W. (1991). Predictors of differential response to cognitive, experiential, and self-directed psychotherapeutic procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 333–340.
Beutler, L. E., Mohr, D. C, Grawe, K., Engle, D, & Mac-Donald, R. (1991). Looking for differential treatment effects: Cross-cultural predictors of differential psychotherapy efficacy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 121–141.
Brockman, B., Poynton, A., Ryle, A., & Watson, J. P. (1987). Effectiveness of time-limited therapy carried out by trainees. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 602–610.
Calvert, S. C, Beutler, L. E., & Crago, M. (1988). Psychotherapy outcome as a function of therapist-patient matching on selected variables. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 104–117.
Caspar, E, & Grawe, K. (1989). Away from the method orientation in psychotherapy. Bulletin der Schweizer Psy-chologen, 3, 6–19.
Chambless, D. L., Goldstein, A. J., Gallagher, R., & Bright, P. (1986). Integrating behavior therapy and psychotherapy in the treatment of agoraphobia. Psychotherapy, 23, 150–159.
Dance, K. A., & Neufeld, W. J. (1988). Aptitude-treatment interaction research in the clinical setting: A review of attempts to dispel the “patient uniformity” myth. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 192–213.
DiClemente, C. C, Prochaska, J. O., Fairhurst, S. K., Velicer, W. E, Velasquez, M. M., & Rossi, J. S. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precon-templation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 295–304.
Elkin, I. (1991). Varieties of psychotherapy integration research. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 27–33.
Feather, B. W., & Rhoads, J. M. (1972). Psychodynamic behavior therapy: II. Clinical aspects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 503–511.
Feixas, G. (1990a). Approaching the individual, approaching the system: A constructivist model for integrative psychotherapy. Journal of Family Psychology, 4, 4–35.
Feixas, G. (1990b). Personal construct theory and systemic therapies: Parallel or convergent trends? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 16, 1–20.
Frances, A., Clarkin, J., & Perry, S. (1984). Differential therapeutics in psychiatry: The art and science of treatment selection. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Frances, A., Sweeney, J., & Clarkin, J. (1985). Do psychotherapies have specific effects? American Journal of Psychotherapy, 39, 159–174.
Garfield, S. L. (1980). Psychotherapy: An eclectic approach. New York: Wiley.
Garfield, S. L. (1986). An eclectic psychotherapy. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Handbook of eclectic psychotherapy (pp. 132–162). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Garfield, S. L. (1989). The practice of brief psychotherapy. New York: Pergamon Press.
Garfield, S. L. (1990). Issues and methods in psychotherapy process research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 273–280.
Garfield, S. L., & Kurtz, R. (1976). Clinical psychologists in the 1970s. American Psychologist, 31, 1–9.
Garfield, S. L., & Kurtz, R. (1977). A study of eclectic views. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 78–83.
Gerler, E. R., Drew, N. S., & Mohr, P. (1990). Succeeding in middle school: A multimodal approach. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 24, 263–271.
Gerler, E. R., Kinney, J., & Anderson, R. F. (1985). The effects of counseling on classroom performance. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development, 23, 155–165.
Giunta, L. C, Saltzman, N., & Norcross, J. C. (1991). Whither integration? An exploratory study of contention and convergence in the Clinical Exchange. Journal of Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy, 10,117–129.
Goldfried, M. R. (1991). Research issues in psychotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 5–25.
Goldfried, M. R., & Padawer, W (1982). Current status and future directions in psychotherapy. In M. R. Goldfried (Ed.), Converging themes in psychotherapy (pp. 3–49). New York: Springer.
Goldfried, M. R., Greenberg, L. S., & Marmar, C. (1990). Individual psychotherapy: Process and outcome. In M. Rosenzweig & L. Porter (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 659–688.
Grawe, K. (1991). The Bernese Psychotherapy Research Program. In L. E. Beutler and M. Crago (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: An international review of programmatic studies (pp. 202–211). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Heide, F. J., & Rosenbaum, R. (1988). Therapists’ experiences of using single versus combined theoretical models in psychotherapy. Journal of Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy, 7, 41–46.
Hill, C. E. (1989). Therapist techniques and client outcomes: Eight cases of brief psychotherapy. New York: Sage.
Hoffart, A., & Martinsen, E. W. (1990). Exposure-based integrated vs. pure psychodynamic treatment of agoraphobic inpatients. Psychotherapy, 27, 210–218.
Howard, G. S., Nance, D. W, & Myers, P. (1987). Adaptive counseling and therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Jensen, J. P., Bergin, A. E., & Greaves, D. W (1990). The meaning of eclecticism: New survey and analysis of components. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 124–130.
Kolden, G. (1988). Process and outcome in psychotherapy: An empirical examination of Orlinsky and Howard’s generic model of psychotherapy. Dissertation Abstracts International, 49(05), 1945B. (University Microfilms No. AAC8811484)
Kolden, G. (1991). The generic model of psychotherapy: An empirical investigation of patterns of process and outcome relationships. Psychotherapy Research, 1, 62–73.
Kwee, M. G. T., Duivenvoorden, H. J., Trijsburg, R. W, & Thiel, J. H. (1986–1987). Multimodal therapy in an inpatient setting. Current Psychological Research & Reviews, 5, 344–357.
Lazarus, A. A. (1981). The practice of multimodal therapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lazarus, A. A. (1986a). Multimodal psychotherapy: Overview and update. International Journal of Eclectic Psychotherapy, 5, 95–103.
Lazarus, A. A. (1986b). Multimodal therapy. In J. Norcross (Ed.), Handbook of eclectic psychotherapy (pp. 65–93). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Lazarus, A. A. (1987). The multimodal approach with adult outpatients. In N. S. Jacobson (Ed.), Psychotherapists in clinical practice (pp. 286–326). New York: Guilford.
Lazarus, A. A. (1989). The practice of multimodal therapy (rev. ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Linehan, M. M. (1987). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 51, 261–276.
Linehan, M. M., Armstrong, H., Suarez, A., Allmon, D., & Heard, H. L. (1989, November). Comprehensive treatment for parasuicidal women with borderline personality disorder: Dialectical behavior therapy. Washington, DC: Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy.
Llewelyn, S. P, Elliott, R., Shapiro, D. A., Hardy, G., & Firth-Cozens, J. (1988). Client perceptions of significant events in prescriptive and exploratory periods of individual therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 105–114.
Luborsky, L., & Crits-Christoph, P. (1989). A relationship pattern measure: The core conflictual relationship theme. Psychiatry, 52, 250–259.
Mahoney, M. J. (1990). Developmental cognitive therapy. In J. K. Zeig & W. M. Munion (Eds.), What is psychotherapy? Contemporary perspectives (pp. 164–168). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mahoney, M. J. (1991). Human change processes. New York: Basic Books.
Marmar, C. R. (1990). Psychotherapy process research: Progress, dilemmas, and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 265–272.
Marmor, J., & Woods, S. M. (Eds.). (1980). The interface between the psychodynamic and behavioral therapies. New York: Plenum Press.
Martin, J. (1989, June). The social-cognitive construction of therapeutic experiences and memories. Paper presented at the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Toronto.
Martin, J. (1992). Cognitive-mediational research on counseling and psychotherapy. In S. G. Toukmanian & D L. Rennie (Eds.), Psychotherapy process research: Paradigmatic and narrative approaches (pp. 108–133). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
McConnaughy, E. A., DiClemente, C. C, Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1989). Stages of change in psychotherapy: A follow-up report. Psychotherapy, 26, 494–503.
Neimeyer, R. A., & Feixas, G. (1990). Constructivist contributions to psychotherapy integration. Journal of Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy, 9, 4–20.
Nielsen, G., & Havik, O. E. (1989). Korttids dynamisk psykoterapi Del II: Prinsipper for en pragmatisk integrativ arbeidsmodell [Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy. Part II: Principles for a pragmatic integrative model]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 26, 451–466.
Nielsen, G., Havik, O. E., Barth, K., Haver, B., Molstad, E., Rogge, H., & Skatun, M. (1987). The Bergen Project on Brief Dynamic Psychotherapy: An outline. In W Huber (Ed.), Progress in psychotherapy research (pp. 325–333). Louvain la Neuve, Belgium: Presses Universitaires de Lou vain.
Nielsen, G., Barth, K., Haver, B., Havik, O. E., Molstad, E., Rogge, H., & Skatun, M. (1988). Brief dynamic psychotherapy for patients presenting physical symptoms. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 50, 35–41.
Nielsen, G., Barth, K., Havik, O. E., Haver, B., Molstad, E., Rogge, H., & Skatun, M. (1991). Pasienter, eller egnet terapi? Erfaringer med korttids dynamisk psykoterapi for pasienter som ikke oppfyller ordinaere inklusjonskriterier. [“Unsuitable” patients, or suitable therapy?]. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 27, 91–98.
Norcross, J. C. (Ed.). (1986). Handbook of eclectic psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Norcross, J. C. (Ed.). (1987). Casebook of eclectic psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Norcross, J. C, & Prochaska, J. O. (1982). A national survey of clinical psychologists: Affiliations and orientations. Clinical Psychologist, 35(3), 1–2, 4–6.
Norcross, J. C, & Prochaska, J. O. (1988). A study of eclectic (and integrative) views revisited. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 170–174.
Norcross, J. C, Prochaska, J. O., & Gallagher, K. M. (1989). Clinical psychologists in the 1980s: II. Theory, research, and practice. The Clinical Psychologist, 42(3), 45–53.
Olson, S. C. (1979). A multimodal treatment of obesity using Lazarus’ BASIC ID model. Dissertation Abstracts International, 40(3), 1378B. (University Microfilms No. AAC7919028)
Orlinsky, D. E. (1989). Researchers’ images of psychotherapy: Their origins and influence on research. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 413–441.
Orlinsky, D. E., & Howard, K. I. (1987). A generic model of psychotherapy. Journal of Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy, 6, 6–27.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1984). The trans-theoretical approach: Crossing traditional boundaries of therapy. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1986). The trans-theoretical approach. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Handbook of eclectic psychotherapy (pp. 163–200). New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1992). Stages of change in the modification of problem behaviors. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 28, pp. 184–206). Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Publishing Co.
Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (1983). Psychotherapists’ perspectives on treating themselves and their clients for psychic distress. Professional Psychology, 14, 642–655.
Prochaska, J. O., Rossi, J. S., & Wilcox, N. S. (1991). Change processes and psychotherapy outcome in integrative case research. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1,103–120.
Razin, A. M. (1977). The A-B variable: Still promising after twenty years? In A. S. Gurman & A. M. Razin (Eds.), Effective psychotherapy: A handbook of research (pp. 291–323). New York: Pergamon Press.
Rhoads, J. M. (1984). Relationships between psycho-dynamic and behavior therapies. In H. Arkowitz & S. B. Messer (Eds.), Psychoanalytic therapy and behavior therapy: Is integration possible? (pp. 195–211). New York: Plenum Press.
Rude, S. S., & Rehm, L. P. (1991). Response to treatments for depression: The role of initial status on targeted cognitive and behavioral skills. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 493–514.
Ryle, A. (1980). Some measures of goal attainment in focussed integrated active psychotherapy: A study of fifteen cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 475–486.
Ryle, A. (1982). Psychotherapy: A cognitive integration of theory and practice. London: Academic Press.
Ryle, A. (1990). Active participation in change: The theory and practice of brief cognitive-analytic therapy. New York: Wiley.
Safran, J. D. (1990a). Towards a refinement of cognitive therapy in light of interpersonal theory: I. Theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 87–105.
Safran, J. D. (1990b). Towards a refinement of cognitive therapy in light of interpersonal theory: II. Practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 107–121.
Safran, J. D., & Segal, Z. V (1990). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York: Basic Books.
Shapiro, D. A., & Firth, J. (1987). Prescriptive v. exploratory psychotherapy: Outcomes of the Sheffield Psychotherapy Project. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 790–799.
Shapiro, D. A., & Firth-Cozens, J. (1990). Two-year follow-up of the Sheffield Psychotherapy Project. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 389–391.
Shoham-Salomon, V, & Rosenthal, R. (1987). Paradoxical interventions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 22–27.
Shoham-Salomon, V, Avner, R., & Neeman, K. (1989). “You are changed if you do and changed if you don’t”: Mechanisms underlying paradoxical interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 590–598.
Stiles, W. B., Shapiro, D. A., & Elliott, R. (1986). ‘Are all psychotherapies equivalent?” American Psychologist, 41, 165–180.
Vasco, A. B., & Garcia-Marques, L. (1991, July). Eclectic trends among Portuguese therapists. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration, London.
Wachtel, P. L. (1977). Psychoanalysis and behavior therapy: Toward an integration. New York: Basic Books.
Westen, D. (1991). Cognitive-behavioral interventions in the psychoanalytic psychotherapy of borderline personality disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 211–230.
Westerman, M. A., Frankel, A. S., Tanaka, J. S., & Kahn, J. (1987). Client cooperative interview behavior and outcome in paradoxical and behavioral brief treatment approaches. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 99–102.
Wolfe, B. E. (1989). Phobias, panic and psychotherapy integration. Journal of Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy, 8, 264–276.
Wolfe, B. E., & Goldfried, M. R. (1988). Research on psychotherapy integration: Recommendations and conclusions from an NIMH workshop. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 448–451.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Glass, C.R., Victor, B.J., Arnkoff, D.B. (1993). Empirical Research on Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapies. In: Stricker, G., Gold, J.R. (eds) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9782-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9782-4_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9784-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9782-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive