Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Analytical Applications of Polymer-Modified Electrodes

  • Chapter
Electroactive Polymer Electrochemistry

Abstract

Before the advent of modified electrodes, electrochemistry was restricted by the range of electrode materials available and burdened with problems associated with the adsorption of a wide variety of compounds at their surfaces. In the early 1970s several groups realized that the deliberate modification of electrode surfaces could be used to tailor the electrode for specific applications. The pioneering work of Lane and Hubbard(1) on the modification of platinum electrodes with adsorbed unsaturated monomers was followed by the development of general schemes for the covalent attachment of monolayers to electrode surfaces via silanization reactions(2–4) or cyanuric chloride derivatization of electrodes.(5) For many applications it was realized that films thicker than monolayers would be beneficial. This led to the modification of electrodes with polymer films, first demonstrated by Miller’s group,(6,7) who prepared polymers containing such redox groups as quinones and nitroaromatics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. R. F. Lane and A. T. Hubbard, J. Phys. Chem. 77, 1401 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. R R. Moses, L. M. Wier, and R. W. Murray, Anal. Chem. 47, 1882 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. J. R. Lenhard and R. W. Murray, J. Electroanal. Chem. 78, 195 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. S. Wrighton, R. G. Austin, A. B. Bocarsly, J. M. Bolts, O. Haas, K. D. Legg, L. Nadjo, and M. C. Palazzotto, J. Electroanal. Chem. 87, 429 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. W. C. Lin, R. Yeh, A. M. Yacynych, and T. Kuwana, J. Electroanal. Chem. 84, 411 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. L. L. Miller and M. R. Van De Mark, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 639 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. L. L. Miller and M. R. Van De Mark, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 3223 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  8. R. W. Murray inElectroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 13, (A. J. Bard, ed.), Marcel Dekker. New York, 1984 ), p. 191.

    Google Scholar 

  9. H. D. Abrufia, Coord. Chem. Rev. 86, 135 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  10. A. R. Hillman in Electrochemical Science and Technology of Polymers, vol. 1, (R. G. Linford, ed.) (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987), pp. 103, 241.

    Google Scholar 

  11. R. J. Forster and J. G. Vos in Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, vol. 27 (G. Svehla, ed.) M. R. Smyth and J. G. Vos, (volume eds.) ( Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992 ), p. 465.

    Google Scholar 

  12. A. Merz, Topics Curr. Chem. 152, 49 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Janata, Anal. Chem. 64, 196R (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. P. Edelman and J. Wang, eds., Biosensors and Chemical Sensors ( American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1992 ).

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. Wang, Electroanalysis 3, 255 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. L. R. Faulkner, Chem. Eng. News 62, 28 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Merz and A. J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 3222 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. N. Oyama and F. C. Anson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 127, 247 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. K. Shigehara, N. Oyama, and F. C. Anson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 2552 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. M. N. Szentirmay and C. R. Martin, Anal. Chem. 56, 1898 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. I. Rubinstein and A. Bard, Anal. Chem. 53, 102 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  22. D. A. Buttry and F. C. Anson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 59 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. A. J. Bard and P. K. Ghosh, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 5691 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  24. C. G. Murray, R. J. Nowak, and D. R. Rolison, J. Electroanal. Chem. 164, 205 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C. D. Ellis and T. J. Meyer, Inorg. Chem. 23, 1748 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. (a) E. F. Bowden, M. F. Dautartas, and J. F. Evans, J. Electroanal. Chem. 219, 49 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. E. F. Bowden, M. F. Dautartas, and J. F. Evans, J. Electroanal. Chem. 219, 71 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  28. E. F. Bowden, M. F. Dautartas, and J. F. Evans, J. Electroanal. Chem. 219, 91 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. R. N. Dominey, N. S. Lewis, J. A. Bruce, D. C. Bookbinder, and M. S. Wrighton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 4671 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  30. R. A. Simon, T. E. Mallouk, K. A. Daube, and M. S. Wrighton, Inorg. Chem. 23, 3119 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  31. a) P. Denisevich, H. D. Abruíia, C. R. Leidner, T. J. Meyer, and R. W. Murray, Inorg. Chem. 21, 2153 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. J. M. Calvert, R. H. Schmehl, B. P. Sullivan, J. S. Facci, T. J. Meyer, and R. W. Murray, Inorg. Chem. 22, 2151 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Gould, C. Earl, B. R. Sullivan, and T. J. Meyer, J. Electroanal. Chem. 350, 143 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. C. D. Ellis, L. D. Margerum, R. W. Murray, and T. J. Meyer, Inorg. Chem. 22, 1283 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. J. Wang, S. R Chen, and M. S. Lin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 273, 231 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. R. M. Kellet and T. G. Spiro, Inorg. Chem. 24, 2378 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  37. A. Deronzier and J-C. Moutet, Acc. Chem. Res. 22, 249 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. M. D. Imisides, R. John, P. J. Riley, and G. G. Wallace, Electroanalysis 3, 879 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Y. P. Lin and G. G. Wallace, J. Electroanal. Chem. 247, 145 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  40. R. A. Saraceno, J. G. Pack, and A. G. Ewing, J. Electroanal. Chem. 197, 265 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. J. Heinze, Topics Curt: Chem. 152, 1 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. T. A. Skotheim, ed., Handbook of Conducting Polymers, vols. I and 2 ( Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986 ).

    Google Scholar 

  43. K. Itaya, I. Uchida, and V. D. Neff, Acc. Chem. Res 19 162(1986).

    Google Scholar 

  44. A. B. Bocarsly and S. Sinha, J. Electroanal. Chem 137, 157(1982).

    Google Scholar 

  45. J. M. Kelly, J. M. Clear, G. M. O’Connell, and J. G. Vos, J. Chem. Res. 11, 3039 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  46. C. P. Andrieux, O. Haas, and J. M. Saveant, J. Am. Chem Soc. 108, 8175 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. M. E. G. Lyons, H. G. Fay, J. G. Vos, and A. J. Kelly, J. Electroanal. Chem. 250, 207 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. D. Leech, R. J. Forster, M. R. Smyth, and J. G. Vos, J. Mater. Chem. 1, 629 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. (a) R. J. Forster and J. G. Vos, Macromol. 21, 2432 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  50. A. J. Kelly, T. Ohsaka, N. Oyama, R. J. Forster, and J. G. Vos, J. Electroanal. Chem. 287, 185 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. R. J. Forster, J. G. Vos, and M. E. G. Lyons, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 87, 3761 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. J. N. Barisci, G. G. Wallace, E. A. Wilke, M. Meaney, M. R. Smyth, and J. G. Vos, Electroanalysis 1, 245 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. G. G. Wallace, M. Meaney, M. R. Smyth, and J. G. Vos, Electroanalysis 1, 357 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. A. P. Doherty, R. J. Forster, M. R. Smyth, and J. G. Vos, Anal. Chim. Acta 255, 45 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. M. M. Malone, A. P. Doherty, M. R. Smyth, and J. G. Vos, Analyst 117, 1259 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. R. J. Forster and J. G. Vos, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 87, 1863 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. A. P. Doherty, R. J. Forster, M. R. Smyth, and J. G. Vos, Anal. Chem. 64, 572 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. W. J. Vinning and T. J. Meyer, Inorg. Chem. 25, 2023 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  59. W. H. Kao and T. Kuwana, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106, 473 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. K. M. Kost, D. E. Bartak, B. Kazee, and T. Kuwana, Anal. Chem. 60, 2379 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. B. T. Tay, K. P. Ang, and H. Gunasingham, Analyst 113, 617 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. A. Liu and E. Wang, Anal. Chim. Acta 280, 223 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. X. Qi, R. P. Baldwin, H. Li, and T. F. Guarr, Electroanalysis 3, 119 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. L. M. Santos and R. R. Baldwin, Anal. Chem. 58, 848 (1986). (b) A. M. Tolbert, R. R. Baldwin, and L. M. Santos, Anal. Lett. 22, 683 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  65. M. E. G. Lyons, C. H. Lyons, A. Michas, and P. N. Bartlett, Analyst 117, 1271 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. C. Shi and F. C. Anson, J. Electroanal. Chem. 362, 273 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. a) J. Wang and Z. Taha, Anal. Chem. 62, 1413 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. D. Leech, J. Wang, and M. R. Smyth, Electroanalysis 3, 37 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. D. Velayutham and M. Noel, Talanta 39, 481 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. J. Wang, T. Golden, and R. Li, Anal. Chem. 60, 1642 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. F. Li and S. Dong, Electrochim. Acta 32, 1511 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. J. A. Cox and P. J. Kulesza, Anal. Chem. 56, 1021 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. J. A. Cox, T. Gray, and K. R. Kulkarni, Anal. Chem. 60, 1710 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. J. A. Cox and T. Gray, Anal. Chem. 61, 2462 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. P. J. Kulesza, K. Bratjer, and E. Dabek-Zlotorzynska, Anal. Chem. 59, 2776 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. a) J. E. van Koppenhagen and M. Majda, J. Electroanal. Chem. 189, 379 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  77. J. E. van Koppenhagen and M. Majda, J. Electroanal. Chem. 238, 113 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  78. P. W. Geno, K. Ravichandran, R. P. Baldwin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 183, 155 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. M. E. G. Lyons, W. Breen, and J. Cassidy, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 87, 115 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. H. Mao and P. G. Pickup, J. Electroanal. Chem. 265, 127 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. a) D. C. Tse and T. Kuwana, Anal. Chem. 50, 1315 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. C. Ueda, D. C. Tse, and T. Kuwana, Anal. Chem. 54, 850 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. L. Gorton, A. Tortensson, H. Jaegfeldt, and G. Johansson, J. Electroanal. Chem. 161, 103 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. W. J. Albely and P. N. Bartlett, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 234 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  85. N. F. Atta, A. Galal, E. Karagözler, H. Zimmer, J. F. Robinson, and H. B. Mark, Jr., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1347 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  86. K. Hajizadeh, H. T. Tang, H. B. Halsall, and W. R. Heineman, Anal. Leu. 24, 1453 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. T. Ohsaka, K. Tanaka, and K. Tokuda, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 222 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  88. J. A. Cox and P. J. Kulesza, J. Electroanal. Chem. 175, 105 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. J. A. Cox and K. R. Kulkarni, Analyst 111, 1219 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. L. Ma, B.-Y. Zhang, H.-L. Li, and J. Q. Chambers, J. Electroanal. Chem. 362, 201 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. S. Dong, F. Song, B. Wang, and B. Liu, Electroanalysis 4, 613 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  92. (a) J. Wang, Am. Lab. 19, 41 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  93. K. Z. Brainina, Talanta 18, 513 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. A. J. Bard, J. Chem. Ed. 60, 302 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. G. Sittampalam and G. S. Wilson, Anal. Chem. 55, 1608 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. J. Wang and L. D. Hutchins, Anal. Chem. 57, 1536 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. J. Wang and L. D. Hutchins, Anal. Chem. 58, 402 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. a) L. S. Kuhn, S. G. Weber, and K. Z. Ismail, Anal. Chem. 61, 303 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  99. L. S. Kuhn and S. G. Weber, Electroanalysis 3, 941 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. I. M. Christie, P. H. Treloar, and P. Vadgama, Anal. Chim. Acta 269, 65 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. T. Ohsaka, T. Hirokawa, H. Migamoto, and N. Oyama, Anal. Chem. 59, 1758 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. G. Cheek, C. P. Wales, and R. J. Nowak, Anal. Chem. 55, 380 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. J. Wang and R. Li, Anal. Chem. 61, 2809 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. a) M. Freund, L. Bodalbhai, and A. Brajter-Toth, Talanta 38, 95 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. A. Witowski and A. Brajter-Toth, Anal. Chem. 64, 635 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  106. Z. Gao, M. Zi, and B. Chen, Anal. Chim. Acta 286, 213 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Z. Gao and A. Ivaska, Anal. Chim. Acta 284, 393 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Z. Goa, B. Chen, and M. Zi, Analyst 119, 459 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  109. B. Hoyer, T. M. Florence, and G. E. Batty, Anal. Chem. 59, 1608 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. B. Hoyer and T. M. Florence, Anal. Chem. 59, 2839 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. L. D. Whitely and C. R. Martin, Anal. Chem. 59 1746 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  112. M. W. Epenscheid, A. R. Ghatak-Roy, R. B. Moore III, R. M. Penner, M. N. Szentirmay, and C. R. Martin, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 82, 1051 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  113. (a) G. A. Gerhadt, A. F. Oke, F. Nagy, B. Moghaddam, and R. N. Adams, Brain Res. 290, 390 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  114. G. Nagy, G. A. Gerhadt, A. F. Oke, M. E. Rice, R. N. Adams, R. B. Moore III, M. N. Szentirmay, and C. R. Martin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 188, 85 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. R. Capella, B. Ghasemzadeh, K. Mitchell, and R. N. Adams, Electroanalysis 2, 175 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. E. W. Kristensen, W. G. Kuhr, and R. M. Wightman, Anal. Chem. 59, 1752 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. R. M. Wightman, inBiosensorTechnology: Fundamentals and Applications, (R. P. Buck, W. E. Hatfield, M. Umana, and E. F. Bowden, eds.) ( Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990 ), p. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  118. H. Ji and E. Wang, J. Chromatog. 410, 111 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. H. L. Yeager and A. Steck, Anal. Chem. 51, 862 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. H. L. Yeager and A. Steck, J. Electrochem. Soc. 128, 1880 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. R. Toniolo, G. Bontempelli, G. Schiavon, and G. Zotti, J Electroanal. Chem. 356, 67 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Z. Fan and D. J. Harrison, Anal. Chem. 64, 1304 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. F. Moussy and D. J. Harrison, Anal. Chem. 66, 674 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. A. C. Michael and R. M. Wightman, Anal. Chem. 61, 270 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. A. C. Michael and R. M. Wightman, Anal. Chem. 61, 2193 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. G. Che and S. Dong, J. Electroanal. Chem. 346, 239 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. J. Wang and T. Golden, Anal. Chem. 58, 2679 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  128. J. Wang, Electroanalysis 3, 255 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Q. Niwa, M. Morita, and H. Tabei, Electroanalysis 6, 237 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. M. Majda and L. R. Faulkner, J. Electroanal. Chem. 137, 149 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. X. Chen, P. He, and L. R. Faulkner, J. Electroanal Chem. 222, 223 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. J. Wang, Z. Taha, and N. Naser, Talanta 38, 81 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. R. Agraz, M. T. Sevilla, and L. Hernandez, Anal. Chim. Acta 273, 205 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. (a) K. Itaya and A. J. Bard, J. Phys. Chem. 89, 5565 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. G. Villemure and A. J. Bard, J. Electroanal. Chem. 283, 403 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. A. L. Crumbliss, S. C. Perin, A. K. Edwards, and D. P. Rillema, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 1388 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. (a) D. R. Rolison, R. J. Nowak, T. A. Welsh, and C. A. Murray, Talanta 38, 27 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. M. D. Baker and C. Senaratne, Anal. Chem. 64, 697 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. P. Hernandez, E. Alda, and L. Hernandez, F. Z. Anal. Chem. 327, 676 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. (a) N. Oyama and F. C. Anson, Anal. Chem. 52, 1192 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. K. Doblhofer and R. Lange, J. Electroanal. Chem. 237, 13 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  142. B. Keita, L. Nadjo, and J. P. Haeussler, J. Electroanal. Chem. 243, 481 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. A. Sugii, N. Oqawa, K. Harada, and K. Nishimura, Anal. Sci. 399 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  144. J. F. Cassidy and K. Tokuda, J. Electroanal. Chem. 285, 287 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. P. J. Riley and G. G. Wallace, Electroanalysis 3, 191 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. N. Oyama, T. Ohsaka, and T. Okajima, Anal. Chem. 58, 979 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. L. Dunsch, L. Kavan, and J. Weber, J. Electroanal. Chem. 280, 313 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. P. Ugo, L. M. Moretto, and G. A. Mazzocchin, Anal. Chim. Acta 273, 229 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. a) F. C. Anson, T. Ohsaka. and J. M. Savéant, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 640 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. F. C. Anson, J. M. Savéant, and K. Shigehara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 1096 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. N. Oyama, T. Ohsaka, and T. Shimizu, Anal. Chem. 57, 1526 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. K. Kalcher, Talanta 33, 489 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. X. Cai, K. Kalcher, W. Diewald, C. Neuhold, and R. J. Magee, F. J. Anal. Chem. 345, 25 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. W. Diewald, K. Kalcher, X. Cai, and R. J. Magee, Anal. Chim. Acta 273, 237 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. J. Wang, G. D. Rayson, Z. Lu, and H. Wu, Anal. Chem. 62, 1924 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Y. Ikariyama and W. R. Heineman, Anal. Chem. 58, 1803 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. J. Ye and R. P. Baldwin, Anal. Chem. 60, 1982 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  158. E. Wang and A. Liu, Anal. Chim. Acta 252, 53 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. O. A. Sadik and G. G. Wallace, Electroanalysis 5, 555 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. (a) H. Ge and G. G. Wallace, Anal. Chem. 61, 198 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  161. H. Ge, P. R. Teasdale, and G. G. Wallace, J. Chromatog. 544, 305 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. T. Nagaoka, M. Fujimoto, H. Nakao, K. Kakuno, J. Yano, and K. Ogura, J. Electroanal. Chem. 364, 179 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. M. R. Deakin and H. Byrd, Anal. Chem. 61, 290 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. L. J. Amos, A. Duggal, E. J. Mirsky, P. Ragonesi, A. B. Bocarsly, and P. A. Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, Anal. Chem. 60, 396 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  165. (a) K. N. Thomsen and R. P. Baldwin; Anal. Chem. 61, 2594 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. K. N. Thomsen and R. P. Baldwin, Electroanalysis 2, 263 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Y. Li, W. Zhang, and S. Dong, Electroanalysis 5, 431 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. IUPAC Chemical Data Series no. 22, Stability Constants of Metal-Ion Complexes, Part B, Organic Ligands (compiled by D. D. Perrin) (Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979 ).

    Google Scholar 

  169. A. A. Schilt, Analytical Applications of 1,10-phenanthroline and Related Compounds, (Pergamon Press, Oxford, England 1969 ).

    Google Scholar 

  170. J. A. Cox and M. Majda, Anal. Chim. Acta 118, 271 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  171. J. P. Price and R. P. Baldwin, Anal. Chem. 52, 1940 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. T. J. Miwa, L. T. Jin, and A. Mizuiki, Anal. Chim Acta 160, 135 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. J. Wang, P. Teng, and T. Golden, Anal. Chim. Acta 194, 129 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. K. H. Lubert and M. Schnurrbusch, Anal. Chim. Acta 186, 57 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. I. Turyan and D. Mandler, Anal. Chem. 65, 2089 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. A. J. Downard, H. Kipton, J. Powell, and S. Xu, Anal. Chim. Acta 251, 157 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. K. Katcher, H. Greschonig, and R. Pietsch, E. Z. Anal. Chem. 327, 513 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  178. J. Lexa and K. Stulik, Talanta 32, 1027 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. S. V. Prahbu, R. P. Baldwin, and L. Kryger, Anal. Chem. 59, 1074 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  180. D. W. M. Arrigan, G. Svehla, S. J. Harris, and M. A. McKervey, Electroanalysis 6, 97 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. (a) R. P. Baldwin, J. K. Christensen, and L. Kryger, Anal. Chem. 58, 1790 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. K. N. Thomsen, L. Kryger, and R. P. Baldwin, Anal. Chem. 60, 151 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. S. Tanaka and H. Yoshida, Talanta 36, 1044 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. K. Katcher, F. Z. Anal. Chem. 325, 181 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  185. T. Baumeyer, J. Dittrich, and F. Crespi, Electroanalysis 5, 565 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. T. Matsue, U. Akiba, and T. Osa, Anal. Chem. 58, 2096 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. J-M. Zen and M-L. Lee, Anal. Chem. 65, 3238 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. D. W. M. Arrigan, G. Svehla, J. Alderman, and W. A. Lane, Analyst 119, 287 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. J. Labuda, M. Vanickovâ, E. Uhlemann, and W. Mickler, Anal. Chim. Acta 284, 517 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  190. J. Labuda and M. Vanickovâ, Electroanalysis 5, 141 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. P. R. Teasdale and G. G. Wallace, Analyst 118, 329 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. (a) D. M. T. O’Riordan and G. G. Wallace, Anal. Chem. 58, 128 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  193. L. Yuping and G. G. Wallace, Anal. Lett. 22, 669 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  194. L. Yuping and G. G. Wallace, J. Electroanal. Chem. 247, 145 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  195. K-K. Shiu, S-K. Pang, and H-K. Cheung, J. Electroanal. Chem. 367, 115 (1994).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. M. J. Gehron and A. Brajter-Toth, Anal. Chem. 58, 1488 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. T. Malinski, A. Ciszewski, J. R. Fish, and L. Czuchajowski, Anal. Chem. 62, 909 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. A. R. Guadalupe and H. D. Abruna, Anal. Chem. 57, 142 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. A. R. Guadalupe, L. M. Wier, and H. D. Abruna, Am. Lab. 18, 102 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. H. C. Hurrell and H. D. Abruna, Anal. Chem. 60, 254 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. S. K. Cha and H. D. Abruna, Anal. Chem. 62, 274 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. E. Lorenzo, J. Fernandez, F. Pariente, K. Trible, B. Pendley, and H. D. Abruna, J. Electroanal. Chem. 356, 43 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. S. K. Cha, B. K. Ahn, J-U. Hwang, and H. D. Abruna, Anal. Chem. 65, 1564 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. S. E. Creager, D. M. Collard, and M. A. Fox, Langmuir 6, 1617 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. H. O. Finklea and D. D. Hanshew, J. Electroanal. Chem. 347, 327 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. C. E. D. Chidsey and D. N. Loiacono, Langmuir 6, 682 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. P. D. Beer, O. Kocian, R. J. Mortimer, and C. Ridgway, Analyst 117, 1247 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. (a) R. Arshady and K. Mosbach, Makromol. Chem. 182, 687 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. G. Vlatakis, L. I. Anderson, R. Müller, and K. Mosbach, Nature 361, 645 (1993).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    Dónal Leech

Authors
  1. Dónal Leech
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

    Michael E. G. Lyons

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Leech, D. (1996). Analytical Applications of Polymer-Modified Electrodes. In: Lyons, M.E.G. (eds) Electroactive Polymer Electrochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1715-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1715-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1717-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1715-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation