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Role of Exhaled Biomarkers, Volatiles, and Breath Condensate

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Studies on Respiratory Disorders

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Abstract

Analysis of biomarkers associated with diseases and disorders in the breath is attractive in clinical diagnoses and management because the sampling is noninvasive. This approach is further strengthened by an increasing evidence of the correlation between exhaled biomarker patterns and the occurrence of certain diseases and disorders. Exhaled biomarkers include both volatile and nonvolatile molecules. Exhaled gases, such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, are easily detectable in breath, and their contents have been used to monitor inflammation associated with pulmonary pathologies. In addition, there are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are related to various metabolic processes within the body. The profiling of the VOCs in breath-gases, referring to a kind of metabolomics called “breathomics,” attracts increasing interest in clinical diagnosis and monitoring purposes in human diseases. The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) contains nonvolatile components, mainly from the airway lining fluid. Substances measured in EBC include oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, such as arachidonic acid derivatives, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, reduced and oxidized glutathione, and inflammatory cytokines. Although exhaled biomarkers have great potential, their reliability as gold standards is plagued by critical issues such as reproducibility, variability, and sensitivity. In this chapter, the roles of volatile and nonvolatile biomarkers in the breath are reviewed. The full potential of this line of investigation in the occurrence of methodological and technological advancements is promising.

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Abbreviations

AMP:

Adenosine monophosphate

ALF:

Airway lining fluid

CO:

Carbon monoxide

COPD:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COX:

Cyclooxygenases

Cys:

Cysteine

eNose:

Electronic nose

ELISA:

Enzyme immunoassay

EBC:

Exhaled breath condensate

FeNO:

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide

GC/MS:

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

GSH:

Glutathione

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

5-LO:

5-Lipoxygenases

LC/MS:

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

NO:

Nitric oxide

PLA2:

Phospholipase A2

ONOO− :

Peroxynitrite

RIA:

Radioimmunoassay

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

VOCs:

Volatile organic compounds

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Emory and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Center for Developmental Lung Biology, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA

    Yan Liang & Lou Ann S. Brown Ph.D.

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  1. Yan Liang
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  2. Lou Ann S. Brown Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Lou Ann S. Brown Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India

    Nirmal K. Ganguly

  2. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Educat, Chandigarh, India

    Surinder K. Jindal

  3. Department of Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins College of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Shyam Biswal

  4. National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

    Peter J. Barnes

  5. Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

    Ruby Pawankar

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Liang, Y., Brown, L.A.S. (2014). Role of Exhaled Biomarkers, Volatiles, and Breath Condensate. In: Ganguly, N., Jindal, S., Biswal, S., Barnes, P., Pawankar, R. (eds) Studies on Respiratory Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0497-6_3

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