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Atypical Language

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The Nature of Language

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Abstract

How the language system can break down and can be affected will be exemplified by means of three different neuropsychological disorders: aphasia, Alzheimer’s disease, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). All three disorders differently affect the language network. Stroke-related focal lesions within the (typical) left-sided fronto-temporal circuits are the reason that specific aspects of the language network collapse. Neuroplasticity spontaneously triggers to some extent, the compensation of aphasic disorders. The examination of the aphasic recovery process shows that the language network is reorganized by additional contributions of the right hemisphere. In the case of Alzheimer’s disease, however, in particular memory functions affect the language network along with other cognitive domains. It is a progressive disease and spares to some extent, highly automated language functions, which do not rely specifically on working memory resources. Again, ASDs seem to be caused by an atypical development of neural circuits in terms of connectivity and pruning. Subjects with these disorders show impairments at the pragmatic level including figurative language.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene (chromosome 19) is the main genetic cause for late-onset AD. This gene has three allelic variants (2, 3, and 4) and five common genotypes (2/3, 3/3, 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4). The APOE-4 allele increases the risk and decreases the average age of dementia. The risk of AD is lowest in patients with the 3/3 genotype, higher for the 3/4 genotype, and highest for the 4/4 genotype (Corder et al. 1994).

  2. 2.

    The Token Test, originally developed by De Renzi and Vignolo (1962), uses different types of tokens (colored squares and circles in small and large sizes) to assess language comprehension.

  3. 3.

    Several neurological disorders are associated with symptoms of autism such as fragile X syndrome (changes of the gene FMR1), cerebral dysgenesis, Rett syndrome, or metabolic disorders.

  4. 4.

    In California, high-risk regional clusters of autism were identified for the period from 1993 to 2001 (Mazumdar et al. 2010). These clusters seemed to be associated with the parents’ higher educational level or with the proximity to a major treatment center for autism. Better education as well as local proximity to a center may raise awareness of this disorder. Environmental causes for these autism clusters could not be found. Also, scientific studies could not support the assumption that vaccination causes autism, an assumption widely held in the lay community.

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    Dieter Hillert

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Hillert, D. (2014). Atypical Language. In: The Nature of Language. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0609-3_11

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