Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemoradiotherapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Management of Bladder Cancer

  • 1483 Accesses

Abstract

Value of chemoradiotherapy in bladder cancer: Standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer is cystectomy. Trimodality treatment, including transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TUR), radiation therapy and chemotherapy, has been shown to produce survival rates comparable to those of primary cystectomy. With these programs, salvage cystectomy has been reserved for patients with incomplete response or local relapse. During the past decades, organ preservation by trimodality treatment has been investigated in prospective series from single centers and cooperative groups, with more than 1,000 patients included. Five-year overall survival rates in the range of 50 to 70 % and higher have been reported, and approximately three-quarters of the surviving patients maintained their own functioning bladder. Clinical criteria helpful in determining ideal patients for bladder preservation include early tumor stage (including high-risk T1 disease), a visibly complete TUR, and absence of ureteral obstruction. Close coordination among all disciplines is required to achieve optimal results. Future investigations will focus on optimizing radiation techniques and incorporating more effective systemic chemotherapy and targeted agents, and the proper selection of patients based on molecular makers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rodel C, Weiss C, Sauer R. Trimodality treatment and selective organ preservation for bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:5536–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kaufman DS, Shipley WU, Feldman AS. Bladder cancer. Lancet. 2009;374:239–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rodel C. Current status of radiation therapy and combined-modality treatment for bladder cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 2004;180:701–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Shipley WU, Prout Jr GR, Einstein AB, et al. Treatment of invasive bladder cancer by cisplatin and radiation in patients unsuited for surgery. JAMA. 1987;258:931–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Housset M, Maulard C, Chretien Y, et al. Combined radiation and chemotherapy for invasive transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:2150–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sauer R, Dunst J, Altendorf-Hofmann A, et al. Radiotherapy with and without cisplatin in bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;19:687–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kachnic LA, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, et al. Bladder preservation by combined modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1022–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Tester W, Porter A, Asbell S, et al. Combined modality program with possible organ preservation for invasive bladder carcinoma: results of RTOG protocol 85-12. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993;25:783–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tester W, Caplan R, Heaney J, et al. Neoadjuvant combined modality program with selective organ preservation for invasive bladder cancer: results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group phase II trial 8802. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:119–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Shipley WU, Winter KA, Kaufman DS, et al. Phase III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer treated with selective bladder preservation by combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy: initial results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 89-03. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3576–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Zietman AL, Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, et al. A phase I/II trial of transurethral surgery combined with concurrent cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil and twice daily radiation followed by selective bladder preservation in operable patients with muscle invading bladder cancer. J Urol. 1998;160:1673–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kaufman DS, Winter KA, Shipley WU, et al. The initial results in muscle-invading bladder cancer of RTOG 95-06: phase I/II trial of transurethral surgery plus radiation therapy with concurrent cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil followed by selective bladder preservation or cystectomy depending on the initial response. Oncologist. 2000;5:471–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hagan MP, Winter KA, Kaufman DS, et al. RTOG 97-06: initial report of a phase I-II trial of selective bladder conservation using TURBT, twice-daily accelerated irradiation sensitized with cisplatin, and adjuvant MCV combination chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:665–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Russell KJ, Boileau MA, Higano C, et al. Combined 5-fluorouracil and irradiation for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;19:693–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rotman M, Aziz H, Porrazzo M, et al. Treatment of advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder with irradiation and concomitant 5-fluorouracil infusion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;18:1131–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Given RW, Parsons JT, McCarley D, et al. Bladder-sparing multimodality treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a five-year follow-up. Urology. 1995;46:499–504.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Housset M, Dufour B, Maulard-Durdux C, Chretien Y, Mejean A. Concomitant fluorouracil (5-FU)-cisplatin (CDDP) and bifractionated split course radiation therapy (BSCRT) for invasive bladder cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1997;16:319a. Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Varveris H, Delakas D, Anezinis P, et al. Concurrent platinum and docetaxel chemotherapy and external radical radiotherapy in patients with invasive transitional cell bladder carcinoma. A preliminary report of tolerance and local control. Anticancer Res. 1997;17:4771–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fellin G, Graffer U, Bolner A, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiation with selective organ preservation for muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma. A single-institution phase II study. Br J Urol. 1997;80:44–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cervek J, Cufer T, Zakotnik B, et al. Invasive bladder cancer: our experience with bladder sparing approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;41:273–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zapatero A, Martin de Vidales C, Marin A, et al. Invasive bladder cancer: a single-institution experience with bladder-sparing approach. Int J Cancer. 2000;90:287–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Arias F, Dominguez MA, Martinez E, et al. Chemoradiotherapy for muscle invading bladder carcinoma. Final report of a single institutional organ-sparing program. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;47:373–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Rodel C, Grabenbauer GG, Kuhn R, et al. Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3061–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chen WC, Liaw CC, Chuang CK, et al. Concurrent cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56:726–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Peyromaure M, Slama J, Beuzeboc P, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy for clinical stage T2 bladder cancer: report of a single institution. Urology. 2004;63:73–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Danesi DT, Arcangeli G, Cruciani E, et al. Conservative treatment of invasive bladder carcinoma by transurethral resection, protracted intravenous infusion chemotherapy, and hyperfractionated radiotherapy: long term results. Cancer. 2004;101:2540–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hussain SA, Stocken DD, Peake DR, et al. Long-term results of a phase II study of synchronous chemoradiotherapy in advanced muscle invasive bladder cancer. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:2106–11.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kragelj B, Zaletel-Kragelj L, Sedmak B, et al. Phase II study of radiochemotherapy with vinblastine in invasive bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2005;75:44–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dunst J, Diestelhorst A, Kuhn R, et al. Organ-sparing treatment in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 2005;181:632–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, Zehr E, et al. Selective bladder preservation by combined modality protocol treatment: long-term outcomes of 190 patients with invasive bladder cancer. Urology. 2002;60:62–7. discussion 67-68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Efstathiou JA, Spiegel DY, Shipley WU, et al. Long-term outcomes of selective bladder preservation by combined-modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer: the MGH experience. Eur Urol. 2012;61:705–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Krause FS, Walter B, Ott OJ, et al. 15-year survival rates after transurethral resection and radiochemotherapy or radiation in bladder cancer treatment. Anticancer Res. 2011;31:985–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kaufman DS, Winter KA, Shipley WU, et al. Phase I-II RTOG study (99-06) of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing transurethral surgery, paclitaxel, cisplatin, and twice-daily radiotherapy followed by selective bladder preservation or radical cystectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Urology. 2009;73:833–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Mitin T, Hunt D, Shipley WU, et al. Transurethral surgery and twice-daily radiation plus paclitaxel-cisplatin or fluorouracil-cisplatin with selective bladder preservation and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (RTOG 0233): a randomised multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(9):863–72.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Muller AC, Diestelhorst A, Kuhnt T, et al. Organ-sparing treatment of advanced bladder cancer: paclitaxel as a radiosensitizer. Strahlenther Onkol. 2007;183:177–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wittlinger M, Rodel CM, Weiss C, et al. Quadrimodal treatment of high-risk T1 and T2 bladder cancer: transurethral tumor resection followed by concurrent radiochemotherapy and regional deep hyperthermia. Radiother Oncol. 2009;93(2):358–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Caffo O, Fellin G, Graffer U, et al. Gemcitabine and radiotherapy plus cisplatin after transurethral resection as conservative treatment for infiltrating bladder cancer: long-term cumulative results of 2 prospective single-institution studies. Cancer. 2011;117:1190–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Caffo O, Fellin G, Graffer U, et al. Phase I study of gemcitabine and radiotherapy plus cisplatin after transurethral resection as conservative treatment for infiltrating bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:1310–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kent E, Sandler H, Montie J, et al. Combined-modality therapy with gemcitabine and radiotherapy as a bladder preservation strategy: results of a phase I trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2540–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Oh KS, Soto DE, Smith DC, et al. Combined-modality therapy with gemcitabine and radiation therapy as a bladder preservation strategy: long-term results of a phase I trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:511–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sangar VK, McBain CA, Lyons J, et al. Phase I study of conformal radiotherapy with concurrent gemcitabine in locally advanced bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:420–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Choudhury A, Swindell R, Logue JP, et al. Phase II study of conformal hypofractionated radiotherapy with concurrent gemcitabine in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:733–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Zapatero A, Martin De Vidales C, Arellano R, et al. Long-term results of two prospective bladder-sparing trimodality approaches for invasive bladder cancer: neoadjuvant chemotherapy and concurrent radio-chemotherapy. Urology. 2012;80:1056–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. James ND, Hussain SA, Hall E, et al. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1477–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Tunio MA, Hashmi A, Qayyum A, et al. Whole-pelvis or bladder-only chemoradiation for lymph node-negative invasive bladder cancer: single-institution experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82:e457–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Greven KM, Solin LJ, Hanks GE. Prognostic factors in patients with bladder carcinoma treated with definitive irradiation. Cancer. 1990;65:908–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Smaaland R, Akslen LA, Tonder B, et al. Radical radiation treatment of invasive and locally advanced bladder carcinoma in elderly patients. Br J Urol. 1991;67:61–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Moonen L, vd Voet H, de Nijs R, et al. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with external beam radiation: influence of total dose, overall treatment time, and treatment interruption on local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;42:525–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Quilty PM, Kerr GR, Duncan W. Prognostic indices for bladder cancer: an analysis of patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder primarily treated by radical megavoltage X-ray therapy. Radiother Oncol. 1986;7:311–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Swanson DA. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy: prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;30:267–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Shipley WU, Rose MA, Perrone TL, et al. Full-dose irradiation for patients with invasive bladder carcinoma: clinical and histological factors prognostic of improved survival. J Urol. 1985;134:679–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pos FJ, Hart G, Schneider C, et al. Radical radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: what dose and fractionation schedule to choose? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1168–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Naslund I, Nilsson B, Littbrand B. Hyperfractionated radiotherapy of bladder cancer. A ten-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Acta Oncol. 1994;33:397–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Goldobenko GV, Matveev BP, Shipilov VI, et al. Radiation treatment of bladder cancer using different fractionation regimens. Med Radiol (Mosk). 1991;36:14–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Stuschke M, Thames HD. Hyperfractionated radiotherapy of human tumors: overview of the randomized clinical trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37:259–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Maciejewski B, Majewski S. Dose fractionation and tumour repopulation in radiotherapy for bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol. 1991;21:163–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Horwich A, Dearnaley D, Huddart R, et al. A randomised trial of accelerated radiotherapy for localised invasive bladder cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2005;75:34–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kob D, Arndt J, Kriester A, et al. Results of percutaneous radiotherapy of bladder cancer using 1 and 2 series of irradiation. Strahlenther Onkol. 1985;161:673–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Foroudi F, Wong J, Kron T, et al. Online adaptive radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81:765–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. McDonald F, Lalondrelle S, Taylor H, et al. Clinical implementation of adaptive hypofractionated bladder radiotherapy for improvement in normal tissue irradiation. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2013;25(9):549–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pos FJ, Hulshof M, Lebesque J, et al. Adaptive radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: a feasibility study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:862–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sondergaard J, Olsen KO, Muren LP, et al. A study of image-guided radiotherapy of bladder cancer based on lipiodol injection in the bladder wall. Acta Oncol. 2010;49:1109–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Henry AM, Stratford J, McCarthy C, et al. X-ray volume imaging in bladder radiotherapy verification. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1174–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Pos F, Horenblas S, Dom P, et al. Organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: brachytherapy, an alternative to cystectomy and combined modality treatment? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:678–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hata M, Miyanaga N, Tokuuye K, et al. Proton beam therapy for invasive bladder cancer: a prospective study of bladder-preserving therapy with combined radiotherapy and intra-arterial chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64:1371–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Foroudi F, Wilson L, Bressel M, et al. A dosimetric comparison of 3D conformal vs intensity modulated vs volumetric arc radiation therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. Radiat Oncol. 2012;7:111.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hautmann RE, de Petriconi RC, Pfeiffer C, et al. Radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy: long-term results in 1100 patients. Eur Urol. 2012;61:1039–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Cote R, et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:666–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Coppin CM, Gospodarowicz MK, James K, et al. Improved local control of invasive bladder cancer by concurrent cisplatin and preoperative or definitive radiation. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:2901–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Nichols Jr RC, Sweetser MG, Mahmood SK, et al. Radiation therapy and concomitant paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy for muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a well-tolerated combination. Int J Cancer. 2000;90:281–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Dunst J, Weigel C, Heynemann H, et al. Preliminary results of simultaneous radiochemotherapy with paclitaxel for urinary bladder cancer. Strahlenther Onkol. 1999;175 Suppl 3:7–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Colombo R, Da Pozzo LF, Salonia A, et al. Multicentric study comparing intravesical chemotherapy alone and with local microwave hyperthermia for prophylaxis of recurrence of superficial transitional cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4270–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. van der Zee J, Gonzalez Gonzalez D, van Rhoon GC, et al. Comparison of radiotherapy alone with radiotherapy plus hyperthermia in locally advanced pelvic tumours: a prospective, randomised, multicentre trial. Dutch Deep Hyperthermia Group. Lancet. 2000;355:1119–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hoskin PJ, Rojas AM, Bentzen SM, et al. Radiotherapy with concurrent carbogen and nicotinamide in bladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4912–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Cohen-Jonathan E, Muschel RJ, Gillies McKenna W, et al. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors potentiate the antitumor effect of radiation on a human tumor xenograft expressing activated HRAS. Radiat Res. 2000;154:125–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Bellmunt J, Hussain M, Dinney CP. Novel approaches with targeted therapies in bladder cancer. Therapy of bladder cancer by blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor family. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;46(Suppl):85–104.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Gospodarowicz MK, Hawkins NV, Rawlings GA, et al. Radical radiotherapy for muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: failure analysis. J Urol. 1989;142:1448–53. discussion 1453–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Coen JJ, Paly JJ, Niemierko A, et al. Nomograms predicting response to therapy and outcomes after bladder-preserving trimodality therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;86:311–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Agerbaek M, Alsner J, Marcussen N, et al. Retinoblastoma protein expression is an independent predictor of both radiation response and survival in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:298–304.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Chakravarti A, Winter K, Wu CL, et al. Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and Her-2 are predictors of favorable outcome and reduced complete response rates, respectively, in patients with muscle-invading bladder cancers treated by concurrent radiation and cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a report from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62:309–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Chyle V, Pollack A, Czerniak B, et al. Apoptosis and downstaging after preoperative radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;35:281–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Cooke PW, James ND, Ganesan R, et al. Bcl-2 expression identifies patients with advanced bladder cancer treated by radiotherapy who benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy. BJU Int. 2000;85: 829–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Garcia del Muro X, Condom E, Vigues F, et al. p53 and p21 expression levels predict organ preservation and survival in invasive bladder carcinoma treated with a combined-modality approach. Cancer. 2004;100:1859–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Harada S, Sato R, Nakamura R, et al. The correlation between spontaneous and radiation-induced apoptosis in T3B bladder cancer (histological grade G3), and the precedence between the two kinds of apoptosis for predicting clinical prognosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:1059–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Hussain SA, Ganesan R, Hiller L, et al. BCL2 expression predicts survival in patients receiving synchronous chemoradiotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Oncol Rep. 2003;10:571–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Jahnson S, Risberg B, Karlsson MG, et al. p53 and Rb immunostaining in locally advanced bladder cancer: relation to prognostic variables and predictive value for the local response to radical radiotherapy. Eur Urol. 1995;28:135–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lara PC, Perez S, Rey A, et al. Apoptosis in carcinoma of the bladder: relation with radiation treatment results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;43:1015–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Lara PC, Rey A, Santana C, et al. The role of Ki67 proliferation assessment in predicting local control in bladder cancer patients treated by radical radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol. 1998;49:163–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Moonen L, Ong F, Gallee M, et al. Apoptosis, proliferation and p53, cyclin D1, and retinoblastoma gene expression in relation to radiation response in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49:1305–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ogura K, Habuchi T, Yamada H, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in bladder cancer: positive immunostaining and radiosensitivity. Int J Urol. 1995;2:302–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Ong F, Moonen LM, Gallee MP, et al. Prognostic factors in transitional cell cancer of the bladder: an emerging role for Bcl-2 and p53. Radiother Oncol. 2001;61:169–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Osen I, Fossa SD, Majak B, et al. Prognostic factors in muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with radiotherapy: an immunohistochemical study. Br J Urol. 1998;81:862–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Pollack A, Czerniak B, Zagars GK, et al. Retinoblastoma protein expression and radiation response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39:687–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Pollack A, Wu CS, Czerniak B, et al. Abnormal bcl-2 and pRb expression are independent correlates of radiation response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 1997;3:1823–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Qureshi KN, Griffiths TR, Robinson MC, et al. Combined p21WAF1/CIP1 and p53 overexpression predict improved survival in muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated by radical radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;51:1234–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Rodel C, Grabenbauer GG, Rodel F, et al. Apoptosis, p53, bcl-2, and Ki-67 in invasive bladder carcinoma: possible predictors for response to radiochemotherapy and successful bladder preservation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46:1213–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Rotterud R, Berner A, Holm R, et al. p53, p21 and mdm2 expression vs the response to radiotherapy in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. BJU Int. 2001;88:202–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Weiss C, Rodel F, Wolf I, et al. Combined-modality treatment and organ preservation in bladder cancer. Do molecular markers predict outcome? Strahlenther Onkol. 2005;181:213–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Wu CS, Pollack A, Czerniak B, et al. Prognostic value of p53 in muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with preoperative radiotherapy. Urology. 1996;47:305–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Hoskin PJ, Sibtain A, Daley FM, et al. GLUT1 and CAIX as intrinsic markers of hypoxia in bladder cancer: relationship with vascularity and proliferation as predictors of outcome of ARCON. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:1290–7.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Sak SC, Harnden P, Johnston CF, et al. APE1 and XRCC1 protein expression levels predict cancer-specific survival following radical radiotherapy in bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:6205–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Matsumoto H, Wada T, Fukunaga K, et al. Bax to Bcl-2 ratio and Ki-67 index are useful predictors of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in bladder cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2004;34:124–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Koga F, Yoshida S, Tatokoro M, et al. ErbB2 and NFkappaB overexpression as predictors of chemoradiation resistance and putative targets to overcome resistance in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PLoS One. 2011;6:e27616.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Choudhury A, Nelson LD, Teo MT, et al. MRE11 expression is predictive of cause-specific survival following radical radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2010;70:7017–26.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Rotterud R, Pettersen EO, Berner A, et al. Cell cycle inhibitors and outcome after radiotherapy in bladder cancer patients. Acta Oncol. 2002;41:463–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Laurberg JR, Brems-Eskildsen AS, Nordentoft I, et al. Expression of TIP60 (tat-interactive protein) and MRE11 (meiotic recombination 11 homolog) predict treatment-specific outcome of localised invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int. 2012;110:E1228–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Weiss C, Rodel F, Ott O, et al. Pretreatment proliferation and local control in bladder cancer after radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol. 2007;183:552–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Hug EB, Donnelly SM, Shipley WU, et al. Deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry in invasive bladder carcinoma: a possible predictor for successful bladder preservation following transurethral surgery and chemotherapy-radiotherapy. J Urol. 1992;148:47–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Jenkins BJ, Martin JE, Baithun SI, et al. Prediction of response to radiotherapy in invasive bladder cancer. Br J Urol. 1990;65:345–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Wijkstrom H, Tribukait B. Deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry in predicting response to radical radiotherapy of bladder cancer. J Urol. 1990;144:646–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Sherwood BT, Colquhoun AJ, Richardson D, et al. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression and outcome after radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2007;19:777–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Weiss C, von Romer F, Capalbo G, et al. Survivin expression as a predictive marker for local control in patients with high-risk T1 bladder cancer treated with transurethral resection and radiochemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;74:1455–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Lautenschlaeger T, George A, Klimowicz AC, et al. Bladder preservation therapy for muscle-invading bladder cancers on radiation therapy oncology group trials 8802, 8903, 9506, and 9706: vascular endothelial growth factor B overexpression predicts for increased distant metastasis and shorter survival. Oncologist. 2013;18:685–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany

    Christian Weiss M.D. & Claus Rödel M.D.

Authors
  1. Christian Weiss M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Claus Rödel M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christian Weiss M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Badrinath R. Konety

  2. Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Sam S. Chang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weiss, C., Rödel, C. (2015). Chemoradiotherapy. In: Konety, B., Chang, S. (eds) Management of Bladder Cancer. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1881-2_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1881-2_28

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1880-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1881-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation