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Health and Welfare of Howler Monkeys in Captivity

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Howler Monkeys

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

Among platyrrhines, howler monkeys are commonly traded illegally as pets in Central and South America, resulting in the high mortality of specimens. Many of these animals end up in long-term captive situations in zoos and rehabilitation centers, where adaptation may be difficult. Careful husbandry planning, taking into account the animals’ behavioral, anatomical, and evolutionary characteristics, can greatly improve survivability. This chapter aims to provide information on howler monkey welfare in captivity, including enclosure design, environmental enrichment, feeding and nutrition, and diseases, based upon the biology and ecology of the species. Digestive physiology, behavioral ecology, and the social system of howler monkeys are major factors to take into account to provide adequate captive conditions. Aspects such as social integration, controlled temperature, indoor and outdoor enclosures, and hiding places should be met. The provision of foraging plants within the enclosure is ideal to stimulate natural feeding behavior. Behavioral enrichment measures need to be devised to prevent behavioral disorders. For successfully maintaining howler monkeys in captivity, animals should be trained to consume a wide variety of natural fiber sources. Special attention should be placed on quantities of food sources rich in gluten and other allergenic proteins. Acute and chronic syndromes such as gastric dilatation, howler monkey wasting disease, and metabolic bone disease can be prevented when provided adequate diets. Many diseases may be acquired in the wild. However, other infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, and parasitic) are concomitant to stress and improper management. Very few studies have been carried out in captive howler populations to fully understand the husbandry and care requirements. Although howlers are very adaptive in nature and although it is a genus widely distributed throughout Central and South America, they are susceptible to many diseases that might threaten their population in the wild. Achieving a better knowledge of these factors in captivity may contribute to the development of healthy captive populations for future reintroductions to the wild.

Resumen 

Entre los platirrhinos, los monos aulladores son comúnmente comercializados ilegalmente en Centro y Sudamérica, dando como resultado una alta mortalidad de ejemplares. Muchos de estos monos terminan en confinamiento por largos períodos de tiempo en zoológicos y centros de rehabilitación, donde su adaptación suele ser complicada. Para proveer de condiciones de vida adecuadas que permitan mayor sobrevivencia de individuos en cautiverio, se requiere de una planeación en el manejo que considere las características evolutivas, anatómicas y conductuales de la especie. El objetivo de este capítulo es proporcionar información para promover el bienestar a los monos aulladores en cautiverio, incluyendo el diseño de recintos, enriquecimiento ambiental, nutrición y sistema alimenticio, necesidades sociales y enfermedades reportadas en el género Alouatta. Aspectos tales como la integración social, locomoción elevada en tres dimensiones, el control de temperatura, instalaciones internas y al aire libre, así como sitios de resguardo, son aspectos importantes que se deben tomar en cuenta para el diseño de recintos. Se debe promover consumo de fuentes de fibra natural o forrajes naturales no tóxicos, los cuales favorecen una correcta digestión, salud de la microbiota y tránsito intestinal. Al igual que para otras especies de primates cautivos, se debe proveer de elementos de enriquecimiento ambiental para prevenir desórdenes conductuales. Es necesario evitar el consumo de proteínas alergénicas y azúcares simples para evitar trastornos gastroentéricos agudos y crónicos como la dilatación gástrica y el síndrome desgastante del mono aullador; así como dietas balanceadas en calcio, fósforo y suplementadas con vitamina D3 para prevenir la enfermedad metabólica de los huesos. Muchas enfermedades de los monos aulladores pueden ser adquiridas en vida libre. Sin embargo, otras enfermedades infecciosas (virales, bacterianas y parasitarias) son concomitantes al estrés y a malas condiciones de cautiverio. Muy pocos estudios se han llevado a cabo en poblaciones cautivas de monos aulladores para comprender de manera completa sus necesidades de manejo y cuidado. Aunque los monos aulladores se adaptan fácilmente a distintas condiciones ambientales y constituyen un género ampliamente distribuido en Centro y Sudamérica, son susceptibles a muchos factores que pueden deteriorar su salud y amenazar a sus poblaciones silvestres. A través de un mejor entendimiento sobre los factores que afectan a los monos aulladores y a su manejo, salud y bienestar en cautiverio, se puede contribuir al desarrollo de poblaciones cautivas sanas que constituyan una opción para futuras reintroducciones y/o reforzamientos de poblaciones en vida libre.

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Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Hayley Murphy at Atlanta Zoo and the three anonymous reviewers, for their invaluable comments and suggestions to improve early versions of this manuscript. I am very grateful to Francisco Sales-Heredia, Juan Carlos Serio-Silva, Osvaldo López Díaz, Ignacio Rangel Rodríguez, Ariadna Rangel Negrin, Mara Medeiros Domingo, and Antonio Sacristán Fanjul for their support and encouragement in the past years. I am also indebted to Dr. Eugenio Carmona at Olarte y Akle Bacteriólogos S.A. De C.V., Ana María Hernández, and Georgina Toussiant Martínez de Castro of the Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez” for their kind support in processing biological samples. I am also thankful to Laura Rodríguez “Rodrila” for her very useful comments and suggestions to improve the initial versions of the text.

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  1. School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Coyoacán, Mexico D.F., Mexico

    Rosalía Pastor-Nieto

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  1. Rosalía Pastor-Nieto
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Correspondence to Rosalía Pastor-Nieto .

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  1. Estación Biológica Corrientes, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Martín M. Kowalewski

  2. Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

    Paul A. Garber

  3. Museum of Zoology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Liliana Cortés-Ortiz

  4. Centro de Antropología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela

    Bernardo Urbani

  5. Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Dionisios Youlatos

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Pastor-Nieto, R. (2015). Health and Welfare of Howler Monkeys in Captivity. In: Kowalewski, M., Garber, P., Cortés-Ortiz, L., Urbani, B., Youlatos, D. (eds) Howler Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1960-4_12

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