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Flavivirus Encephalitis: Immunopathogenesis of Disease and Immunomodulation

  • Chapter
Global Virology I - Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases

Abstract

Neurotropic flaviviruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors largely in an enzootic cycle that frequently involves humans incidentally. They are perhaps the most widespread of all viruses and continue to pose a threat, with increasing global warming, air travel and the extension of their insect vector habitat due to expanding human activity. Infection by these viruses is associated with a significant immunopathological response in a minority of individuals who, if they survive, may endure permanent neurological sequelae. While universal immunisation remains the ideal to prevent infection, progress has been slow and even available vaccines may not reach target populations. Unfortunately, our understanding of the interaction of these viruses with the mammalian host is still rudimentary, making current treatment approaches to disease at best empirical. However, recently, in addition to inhibition of the immunopathogenic activity of cells in situ, approaches to reducing the massive pathogenic leukocyte immigration into the central nervous system (CNS) have targeted monocytes with significant success in animal models. The universality of this population across a wide spectrum of diseases may enable a finely tuned approach to reducing the pathogenic component in encephalitis without interfering with the generation of immunity.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    named after the giant wooden horse of Greek mythology, famously left outside the gates of Troy by the warring Greeks, ostensibly as an offering to the goddess, Athena, for their safe passage home after a 10 year siege of the city, in a ruse to make the Trojans think the Greeks had given up the war. Against the better judgment of some, the “Trojan Horse” was drawn into the city as a trophy, hiding in it a detachment of Greek soldiers who subverted the defences of Troy by night to let in the hidden Greek army and vanquish Troy.

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Acknowledgements

Work by the authors referred to in this chapter has been funded by Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grants, 253771, 464828, 571040, 1030897. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  1. Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Caryn van Vreden, Paula Niewold, Luan vu Dinh, Luis Munoz-Erazo & Daniel Getts

  2. Discipline of Pathology, The Hub, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Johns Hopkins Drive, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Nicholas J. C. King

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  1. Caryn van Vreden
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    Paul Shapshak

  2. Infectious Diseases and International He, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

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    Charurut Somboonwit

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    Jens H. Kuhn

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van Vreden, C., Niewold, P., vu Dinh, L., Munoz-Erazo, L., Getts, D., King, N.J.C. (2015). Flavivirus Encephalitis: Immunopathogenesis of Disease and Immunomodulation. In: Shapshak, P., Sinnott, J., Somboonwit, C., Kuhn, J. (eds) Global Virology I - Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2410-3_16

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