Abstract
Summer research during the 1990s continued traditional areas of interest but brought molecular techniques, and new members of the Fifth Generation and research areas, to the MDIBL. The studies during this decade included work on cytokinesis, the role of carbonic anhydrase in acid-base regulation, cell volume regulation, the mechanisms and control of shark rectal gland secretion, sugar transport, hagfish kidney structure, ion transport in frog oocytes injected with specific mRNAs, bile formation and liver detoxification, the effects of heavy metals on cell division, cardiac contraction, the role of cardiac peptides in ion transport and smooth muscle contraction, xenobiotic transport, sulfate secretion in the fish kidney, behavioral osmoregulation by the killifish, ion transport across the fish opercular epithelium, vasoactivity of fish blood vessels, endocrinology of fish reproduction, the effect of mercury on ion transport across the fish urinary bladder, immunolocalization of kidney transport proteins, crustacean osmoregulation, connective tissue structure and biochemistry, nitrogen excretion by shark embryos, the role of Na/H exchange in fish acid base regulation, taurine transport and cell volume regulation, acid-base regulation by the dogfish shark, the role of the Na+K+2Cl cotransporter in shark rectal gland salt secretion, partial cloning of subunits of the gene for Na+K-activated ATPase, the role of the cytoskeleton in cell division, lipid restructuring in fish gill cells, the role of matrix metalloproteinases in heavy metal toxicity, respiration rates of copepods, mechanisms of euryhalinity in crustaceans, biosynthetic processing of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, and the structure and function of glomerular endothelial cells.
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Notes
- 1.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, p. 1; Rappaport and Rappaport (1994)
- 2.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, p. 1, in collaboration with Barbara Rappaport
- 3.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, p. 1; Rappaport and Rappaport (1993)
- 4.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, p. 1
- 5.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, p. 1
- 6.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, p. 5
- 7.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 3; Rappaport (1997)
- 8.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, p. 1; Rappaport (1999)
- 9.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 19
- 10.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 153–156
- 11.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 104–106
- 12.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 51–53; Maren et al. (1992b)
- 13.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 105–107; in collaboration with Erik Swenson, Rolf Kinne, and Evamaria Kinne-Saffran
- 14.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 89–91; in collaboration with Erik Swenson; Swenson et al. (1994)
- 15.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 100–102
- 16.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 61–63; in collaboration with Erik Swenson and Stephen Gehnrich, an MDIBL Young Investigator awardee. Some of this study involved protocols (Northern Blots and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)) to identify messenger RNA for carbonic anhydrase—one of the early forays into molecular biology at the Laboratory.
- 17.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 61–63; in collaboration with Erik Swenson
- 18.
Op. Cit., p. 96; in collaboration with Gehnrich and Swenson
- 19.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 45–46; in collaboration with Erik Swenson, David Miller, and Larry Renfro
- 20.
Op. Cit., p. 47; in collaboration with Erik Swenson
- 21.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 48–49; in collaboration with Larry Renfro and Erik Swenson
- 22.
Op. Cit., pp. 65–68; in collaboration with Erik Swenson
- 23.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 65–66; in collaboration with Larry Renfro and Erik Swenson
- 24.
Op. Cit., p. 76 and Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 27–28; in collaboration with Erik Swenson
- 25.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 26; in collaboration with Erik Swenson and Larry Renfro
- 26.
- 27.
As mentioned in Chap. 10, Musch had been Mike Field’s graduate student at the University of Chicago in the late 1970s and had been in Field’s group when they described the K+ sensitivity of NaCl cotransport, thereby discovering the nearly ubiquitous Na+K+2Cl cotransporter (SLC12A) (Musch et al. 1982).
- 28.
DIDS (4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-stillbene-disulfonic acid) had been shown to be an inhibitor of anion exchange proteins (Cl−/HCO3 −, for instance) in plasma membranes (e.g., Jessen et al. 1986).
- 29.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, p. 75; Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, p. 144; Goldstein and Brill (1991)
- 30.
- 31.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, p. 34
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
Ankrins are proteins that link membrane proteins to the underlying cytoskeletal proteins, such as actin (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/286).
- 35.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, p. 65; Musch and Goldstein (1996)
- 36.
Op. Cit., p. 66; Davis-Amaral et al. (1997)
- 37.
- 38.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 25; Musch and Goldstein (2001); band 4.1 is a cytoskeletal protein (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPB41).
- 39.
- 40.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, p. 68
- 41.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, p. 84; Wilson et al. (1999)
- 42.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, p. 64; Davis-Amaral et al. (1996)
- 43.
As noted in Chap. 8, Kate Spokes had been Epstein’s research assistant since the late 1970s.
- 44.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 69–70; 1992 Vol 31, pp. 113–14 (Silva et al. 1993); Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 62–63 and 117 (the group had synthesized dogfish CNP); Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 74–77 and 80–83 (Gunning et al. 1997) (Silva et al. 1999); Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, p. 56–57; 2000 Vol 39, pp. 72–73; 1992 Vol 31, pp. 65–67; 1993 Vol 32, pp. 72–73; 1994 Vol 33, pp. 75–78; 1993 Vol 32, pp. 78–79; 1995 Vol 34, pp. 39–41, 42–44, 47–48, and 49–50; 1996 Vol 35, pp. 35 and 37–39; 1997 Vol 36, pp. 53–54 and 55–56; 1998 Vol 37, pp. 37 and 73; 1999 Vol 38, pp. 39–40 (myosin light chain kinase is an enzyme involved in various contractile and secretory functions); Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 41–43; 2000 Vol 39, pp. 5–7 and 69–71 (in collaboration with Martin Morad)
- 45.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 94–97; 1992 Vol 31, pp. 68–70; 1993 Vol 32, pp. 84–86; 1995 Vol 34, pp. 51–52 (Silva et al. 1992); Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 115–116; 1993 Vol 32, p. 144; 1994 Vol 33, pp. 79–82, pp. 83–84
- 46.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 63–64
- 47.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, p. 36
- 48.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 14–16
- 49.
Bull MDIBL (1990), Vol 29, pp. 96–97
- 50.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 69–71
- 51.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 125–126
- 52.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 95–97
- 53.
Epstein (1999 #26459)
- 54.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, p. 50
- 55.
Op. Cit., pp. 76–77; in collaboration with Fuad Ziyadeh
- 56.
Op. Cit., pp. 78–79; in collaboration with Fuad Ziyadeh
- 57.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 150–151; in collaboration with Dick Hays, who had returned for that one summer in the 1990s
- 58.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 35, pp. 2–3; in collaboration with John Henson and John Forrest; Henson et al. (1997b) Henson is a member of the Fifth Generation of Investigators at the MDIBL and will be introduced later in this chapter.
- 59.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 120–122; 1992 Vol 31, pp. 35–36; 1993 Vol 32, pp. 20–22; Kastner et al. (1994)
- 60.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 5–8, in collaboration with Tom Koob
- 61.
Op. Cit., pp. 19–21
- 62.
Op. Cit., pp. 22–23
- 63.
Op. Cit., pp. 24–25
- 64.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 105–107, in collaboration with Tom Koob
- 65.
Oocytes from the African clawed frog can express the protein coded for by mRNA from other species that has been injected into the cells (e.g., Lin-Moshier and Marchant 2013).
- 66.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 73–74
- 67.
Op. Cit., pp. 75–76
- 68.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 45–47; 1994 Vol 33 pp. 43–46; Devor et al. (1995)
- 69.
Op. Cit., pp. 141–142
- 70.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, p. 17
- 71.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 25–27
- 72.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 26–29
- 73.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 71–72; 1992 Vol 31, pp. 118–119, Evans et al. (1993b) (in collaboration with David Evans’ group); 1993 Vol 32, pp. 67–68 (in collaboration with Karl Karnaky); 1994 Vol 33. pp. 90–92; 1998 Vol 37, pp. 53–54, Greger et al. (1999a) (in collaboration with Rainer Greger) and pp. 55–56
- 74.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 33–35, 36–37, Forrest (1996); 1993 Vol 32, pp. 45–47 and 1994 Vol 33, pp. 43–46, Devor et al. (1995) (in collaboration with Ray Frizzell); Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 47–48, Cantiello et al. (1997) (in collaboration with Horacio Cantiello and Dennis Ausiello, from the renal unit at Massachusetts General Hospital); Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 37–40 (in collaboration with Martin Morad); Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 85–86 (in collaboration with Jim Stidham, from Presbyterian College in Clinton, SC); Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 17, 22–23, 24–27, Lehrich and Forrest (1994, 1995), 44–46; 1998 Vol 37, pp. 23–25, 26–29, and 51; 2000 Vol 39, pp. 37–39 and 129–130
- 75.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 129–130, Forrest et al. (1997); 1994 Vol 33, pp. 87–89; 1998 Vol 37, pp. 20–22; 1999 Vol 38, pp. 105–106 (in collaboration with David Dawson)
- 76.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, p. 162
- 77.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 41–42; 1992 Vol 31, pp. 157–158; Schofield et al. (1991) This work was in collaboration with Drs. Paul Schofield and Stephen Jones from the Molecular Genetics Unit of the Medical Research Council research laboratories in Cambridge, UK, whom Forrest recruited to the MDIBL after meeting them when he was on sabbatical leave at the MRC in 1989–1990. This was the first report of cDNA cloning at the MDIBL, and the dogfish C-type natriuretic peptide was the first CNP cloned from nonneural tissue in any vertebrate and the first elasmobranch gene cloned.
- 78.
- 79.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 28–31 (Lehrich et al. 1998), 32–34 (in collaboration with Hartmut Hentschel, Marlies Elger, Evanmaria Kinne-Saffran, and Rolf Kinne)
- 80.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 36–38 (in collaboration with Kinne-Saffran and Kinne)
- 81.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 2–3 (Henson et al. 1997b) (in collaboration with John Henson and Arnost Kleinzeller); Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 28–30
- 82.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 33–35
- 83.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 60 (in collaboration with Jack Riordan, who will be introduced later in this chapter as another member of the Fifth Generation)
- 84.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 79–82
- 85.
Fricker would return to the MDIBL for many summers for the next two decades, so he will be introduced later in this chapter, as a member of the Fifth Generation.
- 86.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 43–45 and 83
- 87.
- 88.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 98–100; Blumrich et al. (1993)
- 89.
- 90.
- 91.
Op. Cit., pp. 54–55
- 92.
Op. Cit., pp. 59–60
- 93.
- 94.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 69–71; Ballatori et al. (1999)
- 95.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 103–104; Fricker et al. (1997)
- 96.
(Henson et al. 1995a) (in collaboration with John Henson and David Miller)
- 97.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 69–70; Jackson et al. (1996) (in collaboration with Kevin Strange from Children’s Hospital at Harvard, who will be introduced below)
- 98.
- 99.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 85–86
- 100.
Op. Cit., p. 40
- 101.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 22–23; Runnegar et al. (1999)
- 102.
Op. Cit., pp. 44–45; Henson et al. (1995a) (in collaboration with John Henson)
- 103.
Op. Cit., pp. 46–47; Ballatori et al. (2000)
- 104.
Op. Cit., pp. 72–73; Rebbeor et al. (2000)
- 105.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 37–39
- 106.
- 107.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, p. 2; Conrad et al. (1994a)
- 108.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 17–18; Conrad et al. (1993b)
- 109.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 17–18
- 110.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 11–13
- 111.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 2–3
- 112.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 61–62
- 113.
The space agency had an interest in any potential toxic effects of silver ions because the Russian portion of the International Space Station had been using silver ions to purify drinking water (Conrad, pers. comm.).
- 114.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 2–3.; Conrad et al. (1994b)
- 115.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 4–5
- 116.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 5–6
- 117.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 4–5
- 118.
- 119.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 15–16; 1995 Vol 34, pp. 103–104
- 120.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 84–86
- 121.
- 122.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 131–134
- 123.
Op. Cit., pp. 135–136
- 124.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 35–36
- 125.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 29–30; Maylie and Morad (1995)
- 126.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 7–10
- 127.
Ryanodine receptors are intracellular Ca2+ channels that mediate the mediate Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac and muscle cells. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor.) The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the intracellular organelle that stores Ca2+ in cardiac and muscle cells. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum#Sarcoplasmic_reticulum.)
- 128.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 33–34
- 129.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 38–40
- 130.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 74–76
- 131.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 34–36; pp. 37–40 (in collaboration with John Forrest); and pp. 41–42
- 132.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 12–13 and 14–16; 1996 Vol 35, pp. 11–14
- 133.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 87–90; 1993 Vol 32, pp. 32—33; 1994 Vol 33, pp. 31–33; 1997 Vol 36, pp. 41–42; 1998 Vol 37, pp. 13–14 and 15–16
- 134.
Bull MDIBL (1990), Vol 29, pp. 86–87; Karnaky et al. (1991); the cells had formed a monolayer in culture, which could be mounted in an Ussing chamber for physiological experiments. Thus, the peptide-generated, short-circuit current could be measured as a direct measure of active Cl− transport.
- 135.
Bull MDIBL (1990), Vol 29, pp. 125–126
- 136.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 126–128
- 137.
Op. Cit., pp. 122–123
- 138.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 61–62
- 139.
Op. Cit., pp. 67–68, in collaboration with John Forrest
- 140.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 91–92, in collaboration with John Henson, Jim Stidham, and David Miller
- 141.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 35–36
- 142.
Op. Cit., pp. 70–71; guanylin and uroguanylin are peptide hormones, produced by the intestine and other tissues, that stimulate cellular production of cyclic GMP, as do the natriuretic peptides. See Forte (2004).
- 143.
- 144.
Op. Cit., p. 25
- 145.
Malpighian tubules are the insect excretory system that produce a urine by secretion of ions into the tubule, not by filtration (like the vertebrate kidney). See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpighian_tubule_system.
- 146.
Op. Cit., pp. 52–53; Karnaky et al. (2003), in collaboration with David Miller
- 147.
Op. Cit., pp. 75–77, in collaboration with David Miller and Jack Riordan
- 148.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 56–57 (in collaboration with John Pritchard)
- 149.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 32–33; Cuevas et al. (1992)
- 150.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 95–97; Miller et al. (1996b)
- 151.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 28–29
- 152.
Op. Cit., pp. 50–52; Miller et al. (1996a), in collaboration with Jim Boyer, Gert Fricker, and John Henson
- 153.
- 154.
- 155.
- 156.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 69–71 (Ballatori et al. 1999), in collaboration with Jim Boyer and Ned Ballatori
- 157.
Henson et al. (1995a), in collaboration with John Henson, Jim Boyer, and Ned Ballatori
- 158.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 45–46, in collaboration with Tom Maren, Erik Swenson, and Larry Renfro
- 159.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 59–60, in collaboration with Jose Zadunaisky
- 160.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 96–97, in collaboration with Gloria Callard
- 161.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, p. 40 (in collaboration with Jim Boyer) and pp. 85–86 (in collaboration with Jim Boyer, Ned Ballatori, and John Henson
- 162.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 91–92; Miller et al. (1998a), in collaboration with Karl Karnaky, John Henson, and Jim Stidham
- 163.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 37–39
- 164.
Op. Cit., pp. 51–52; Masereeuw et al. (2000)
- 165.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 3, p. 54 (Gutmann et al. 1999), in collaboration with Gert Fricker
- 166.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 72–73, in collaboration with Gert Fricker and Jim Boyer
- 167.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 100–101; Miller et al. (2002), in collaboration with Karl Karnaky, Larry Renfro, and Jim Stidham
- 168.
- 169.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 28–30
- 170.
Op. Cit., pp. 45–49
- 171.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 48–50; 1998 Vol 37, pp. 65–66; 1999 Vol 38, p. 26; Renfro et al. (1999) (in collaboration with Erik Swenson and Tom Maren)
- 172.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 5051 (in collaboration with Rolf Kinne and Eva Kinne-Saffran)
- 173.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 73–74; 1998 Vol 37, pp. 95–96 (in collaboration with David Miller)
- 174.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 68 and 69 (in collaboration with Tom Maren and Alice Villalobos)
- 175.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 100–101 (in collaboration with Karl Karnaky, Jim Stidham, and David Miller)
- 176.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 25–26
- 177.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 18–19; Kidder (1993)
- 178.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, p. 92
- 179.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 69
- 180.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, p. 79
- 181.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 20–21; Kidder et al. (2006a)
- 182.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 30–31, in collaboration with Bob Preston
- 183.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, p. 26; Kidder (1995)
- 184.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, p. 102; Kidder and McCoy (1996)
- 185.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 58–59
- 186.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 7–9
- 187.
Op. Cit., pp. 10–13
- 188.
Op. Cit., pp. 77–78
- 189.
Op. Cit., pp. 152–156
- 190.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 7–8
- 191.
Op. Cit., pp. 87–88; Zadunaisky et al. (1995)
- 192.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 43–44
- 193.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 52
- 194.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 67–69, in collaboration with Else Hoffmann, who was the Boylan Fellow that summer
- 195.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 74–75, in collaboration with Else Hoffmann
- 196.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 85–86, in collaboration with Biff Forbush
- 197.
The trabecular meshwork is a tissue at the base of the cornea that mediates the draining of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the vertebrate eye. (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabecular_meshwork.)
- 198.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 59
- 199.
Zadunaisky (1996)
- 200.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 12–15
- 201.
Immunological localization refers to the use of antibodies specific to a particular protein to visualize the presence of that protein in a cell or tissue.
- 202.
Op. Cit., pp. 35–37, in collaboration with Bob Shetlar and Alison Morrison, both of whom were postdoctoral fellows in the Kinne laboratory
- 203.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 38–40; Kinne-Saffran et al. (1993)
- 204.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 92–94; 1993 Vol 32, pp. 56–58; Nies et al. (1995)
- 205.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 101–102
- 206.
Op. Cit., pp. 105–107, in collaboration with Erik Swenson and Tom Maren
- 207.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 108–110
- 208.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 103–105
- 209.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 64–65
- 210.
Op. Cit., pp. 66–67, in collaboration with Hartmut Hentschel
- 211.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 93–94; 1995 Vol 24, pp. 20–21
- 212.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 124–126; 1995 Vol 34, pp. 58–59; Kohl et al. (1996)
- 213.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 32–35, in collaboration with Hartmut Hentschel
- 214.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 36–38, in collaboration with John Forrest
- 215.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 75–77; Kipp et al. (1997)
- 216.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 28–30, in collaboration with Marlies Elger, Hartmut Hentshel, and Larry Renfro; 1997 Vol 36, pp. 46–47; Elger et al. (1998), in collaboration with Marlies Elger and Hartmut Hentschel
- 217.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 17–18; Kinne-Saffran and Kinne (2001)
- 218.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 19–20; T84 cells are derived from a human colon cancer cell line.
- 219.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 50–51, in collaboration with Larry Renfro
- 220.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 43–44; COS-7 cells are derived from monkey kidney tissue.
- 221.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 79, in collaboration with Jo Hannafin and Hartmut Hentschel
- 222.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, p. 109; Evans (1992)
- 223.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 110–111
- 224.
Calmodulin is an intracellular, Ca2+ binding protein that interacts with other intracellular proteins to produce effects, such as contraction in smooth muscle cells. http://calcium.uhnres.utoronto.ca/ctdb/ctdb/home.html
- 225.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 112–114 and 115–116; Evans et al. (1993a)
- 226.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 118–119; Evans et al. (1993b), in collaboration with John Forrest
- 227.
Op. Cit., pp. 120–121; Donald et al. (1992)
- 228.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, p. 161, in collaboration with John Schofield from the MRC in Cambridge, UK
- 229.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, p. 165
- 230.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, p. 106
- 231.
- 232.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, p. 148
- 233.
- 234.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, p. 109; 1996 Vol 35, p. 94; 1997 Vol 36, p. 105; 1998 Vol 37, p. 105; Evans and Gunderson (1998b)
- 235.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 51, p. 95
- 236.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 105; Evans (2001)
- 237.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, p. 106
- 238.
Op. Cit., p. 107; Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 29–30; Evans and Harrie (2001)
- 239.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 31; Evans et al. (2003)
- 240.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 32
- 241.
Op. Cit., p. 33; 2000 Vol 39, p. 15; Evans and Piermarini (2001)
- 242.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 34; Evans and Gunderson (1999)
- 243.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 98–99
- 244.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 37–38; Duggan and Callard (2001)
- 245.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 39–41
- 246.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 139–140; complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized (using the enzyme reverse transcriptase) from messenger RNA (mRNA) that is isolated from a given tissue. Thus, by isolating the mRNA, the sequence of the DNA in the gene that produced that mRNA can be deduced.
- 247.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 105–106; Paolucci and Callard (1998)
- 248.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, p. 120
- 249.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 112–113
- 250.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 97–98
- 251.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 30–32; (Piferrer et al. 1993)
- 252.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 47–48; (Barry et al. 1993)
- 253.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 49–50; (Callard 1992b)
- 254.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 113–114
- 255.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 96–97; 1997 Vol 36, pp. 106–107
- 256.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 89
- 257.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 37–38
- 258.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 111
- 259.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, p. 111
- 260.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 60–62, in collaboration with John Valentich
- 261.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 73–74
- 262.
Op. Cit., pp. 75–76, in collaboration with Ray Frizzell
- 263.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 79–80
- 264.
Op. Cit., pp. 88–89; Wilkinson et al. (1993)
- 265.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 90–91
- 266.
Isoforms are alternative sequences of either mRNA or proteins that are produced by closely related duplicate genes, different transcriptions of a single gene, or translations of the mRNA produced by that gene.
- 267.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 128–130, Claiborne et al. (1999), in collaboration with J.B. Claiborne. NHE denotes the Na/H ion exchanger.
- 268.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 27–28
- 269.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 18–19
- 270.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 115–16
- 271.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 25–26, in collaboration with Ray Frizzell
- 272.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 36, pp. 18–19
- 273.
Op. Cit., pp. 20–22; 1999 Vol 38, pp. 105–106; Weber et al. (2006) (in collaboration with John Forrest)
- 274.
Hentschel was a faculty member at the Max-Planck-Institut für Systemphysiologie in Dortmund, Germany, where Rolf Kinne was the Director.
- 275.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 23–25, 120–124
- 276.
Op. Cit., pp. 125–127; 1994 Vol 33, pp. 66–67
- 277.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 28–31
- 278.
Op. Cit., pp. 32–35
- 279.
Op. Cit., pp. 97–99
- 280.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 28–30; Kohl et al. (1996); Elger (1998), in collaboration with Larry Renfro; 1997 Vol 36, pp. 46–47
- 281.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 31–32, in collaboration with Edward Brown, Steve Hebert, and Bill Harris, the discoverers of this Ca2+ sensitive receptor and the principals in the biotech startup firm at the MDIBL, AquaBio Products Sciences
- 282.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 40–42
- 283.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 79
- 284.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 30–31
- 285.
Op. Cit., pp. 47–48
- 286.
Op. Cit., pp. 49–50
- 287.
Op. Cit. p. 51
- 288.
Op. Cit., p. 52
- 289.
Op. Cit., pp. 53–54
- 290.
During this decade, identification and sequencing of genes in the invertebrates lagged far behind similar studies in the vertebrates. Towle was one of the first to apply the emerging molecular techniques to studies in invertebrate physiology. For his colleagues’ perspectives on Towle’s impact in this field, see http://www.mdibl.org/mdibl_press_releases/David_Towle_PhD_1941-2011/298/.
- 291.
- 292.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 37–38
- 293.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, p. 98
- 294.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 55
- 295.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 123–124; Cox and Koob (1993)
- 296.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 16–17; Trotter et al. (1994)
- 297.
Op. Cit., pp. 29–31; Koob and Cox (1993)
- 298.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 11–13
- 299.
Op. Cit., pp. 17–19
- 300.
- 301.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 5–508
- 302.
- 303.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 105–107
- 304.
Op. Cit., pp. 108–111
- 305.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 111–113; Koob and Hamlett (1998)
- 306.
Op. Cit., pp. 114–116
- 307.
Op. Cit., pp. 117–119; Leonard et al. (1999)
- 308.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 97–98
- 309.
Op. Cit., pp. 114–116; Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 94–96; Long et al. (2002)
- 310.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 117–119; 2000 Vol 39, pp. 113–115
- 311.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 4–7
- 312.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 27–28
- 313.
Op. Cit., pp. 44–46
- 314.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 9–10
- 315.
Op. Cit., pp. 107–109; Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 101–102
- 316.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 92–93
- 317.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 50–51
- 318.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 60–62
- 319.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 99–100
- 320.
Op. Cit., p. 101
- 321.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 77–79
- 322.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 107–108
- 323.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 54–56; 1993 Vol 32, pp. 95–97; 1994 Vol 33, pp. 99–100; 1995 Vol 34, p. 63; Claiborne et al. (1994)
- 324.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 48–49
- 325.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 63–64; Claiborne et al. (1997)
- 326.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 128–130; Claiborne et al. (1999), in collaboration with David Dawson’s group
- 327.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 22
- 328.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 33–35
- 329.
Op. Cit., pp. 36–37
- 330.
Op. Cit., pp. 38–39
- 331.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 16–18; Edwards et al. (2001), in collaboration with Susan Edwards, who returned to the MDIBL in the next decade as a member of the Sixth Generation, and Alison Morrison-Shetlar. This was the first molecular corroboration for the Na/H exchange in the hagfish gill that Evans proposed 15 years earlier (Evans 1984).
- 332.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 56–57; Choe et al. (1999), in collaboration with Edwards and Morrison-Shetlar
- 333.
To be accurate, the group also collected tissue from flounders at the MBL at Woods Hole.
- 334.
See Alfadda et al. (2014) for a recent review of the Ca2+-sensing receptor.
- 335.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 31–32; Hentschel et al. (2003)
- 336.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 51–53
- 337.
Op. Cit., pp. 72–74
- 338.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 138–140
- 339.
Op. Cit., pp. 141–143
- 340.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 30–31
- 341.
Op. Cit., pp. 63–64
- 342.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 34, pp. 53–55
- 343.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 52–54
- 344.
Op. Cit., pp. 55–58
- 345.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 84–85
- 346.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, p. 83
- 347.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 146–147
- 348.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 86
- 349.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 80–82
- 350.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 87–89
- 351.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 89–91; Swenson et al. (1994)
- 352.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 94–95; 1996 Vol 35, p. 47
- 353.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 65–68
- 354.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, p. 76
- 355.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 27–28
- 356.
Op. Cit., p. 26, in collaboration with Larry Renfro
- 357.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 61–63
- 358.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, p. 96
- 359.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 45–46, in collaboration with David Miller and Larry Renfro
- 360.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 48–49; 1998 Vol 37, pp. 65–66; Renfro et al. (1999), in collaboration with Larry Renfro
- 361.
Benzmetanide, like bumetanide and furosemide, is a potent inhibitor of the Na+K+2Cl cotransporter and binds to the transporter molecule.
- 362.
Western blots use protein-specific antibodies to visualize specific proteins after they have moved in an electrical gradient through a polyacrylamide gel. See http://en.wikipedfia.org/wiki/Western_blot.
- 363.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 82–83
- 364.
Phosphorylation is the addition of phosphate groups (PO4 3−) to a molecule, usually a protein.
- 365.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 84–85; Lytle and Forbush (1992a)
- 366.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 39–41; Kinases mediate the phosphorylation of molecules and phosphatases remove phosphates from molecules, usually proteins. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatase.
- 367.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 42–44; Lytle and Forbush (1996)
- 368.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 72–74
- 369.
Thus, a year after Hebert’s group described the first cloning of a gene for a member (NCC; Gamba et al. 1993) of what is now known as the SLC12 family of cation-coupled chloride transporters ((Hebert et al. 2004), another investigator from the MDIBL had cloned the second member (NKCC). It is important to note that earlier physiological studies at the MDIBL by Renfro, Dawson, Stokes, Field, Frizzell, Musch, Epstein, and Silva had discovered these cotransporters in the bladder of the winter flounder and the rectal gland of the dogfish shark, respectively.
- 370.
Biotinylation adds a molecule of the water-soluble B vitamin (biotin) to a protein, nucleic acid, or other molecule for the capture or localization of that molecule. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinylation.
- 371.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 53–55
- 372.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 26–27
- 373.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 44–45
- 374.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, p. 42
- 375.
Op. Cit., pp. 45–46
- 376.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 37, pp. 83–84
- 377.
Op. Cit., pp. 98–99
- 378.
Op. Cit., pp. 100–102
- 379.
- 380.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 42–24–25
- 381.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 85–86
- 382.
Op. Cit., pp. 80–82
- 383.
As described in Chap. 7, Lowell Hokin had come to the MDIBL in 1971, after Frank Epstein had told him that the dogfish rectal gland was very rich in Na+K-activated ATPase. Within a year, the Hokin group reported partial purification of the enzyme from the rectal gland (Hokin 1973; Hokin et al. 1973).
- 384.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 103–104, in collaboration with Paul Schofield and, in keeping with MDIBL tradition, Jennifer Benz, his daughter
- 385.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 82–83
- 386.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 21, in collaboration with Nancy Berliner M.D., Benz’s Fellow at Yale and daughter of Robert Berliner, who was an earlier investigator at the MDIBL and Deputy Director of the NIH and Dean of the Yale School of Medicine in the 1960s and 1970s (see Chap. 5). Nancy Berliner will be introduced below, as another member of the Fifth Generation.
- 387.
Transferrins are plasma proteins in the vertebrates that control the level of free iron in the body. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin.
- 388.
Henson had received his Ph.D. in Cell and Developmental Biology from Harvard the previous year and had just joined the Department of Biology at Dickinson College in Carlisle, PA, where he remains.
- 389.
As mentioned in previous chapters, the cytoskeleton of cells is composed of structural proteins that are involved in such fundamental processes as cell motility, intracellular trafficking, distribution of intracellular organelles, and the migration of chromosomes during mitotic division.
- 390.
- 391.
Actin and myosin are two proteins of the cytoskeleton that are involved in cellular movement and contraction (e.g., muscle contraction). See also http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9961/.
- 392.
Bull MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 3–6
- 393.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 4–6
- 394.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 9–11; for more on spectrin, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrin.
- 395.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 1–3; Henson et al. (1995b); Henson et al. (1997a); kinesin is a so-called motor protein that moves along microtubule filaments in the cytoskeleton (http://labs.cellbio.duke.edu/Kinesin/Index.html and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesin).
- 396.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 4–6; integrins are transmembrane, cell-matrix adhesion molecules that mediate linkage of the cell to the extracellular matrix (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26867/).
- 397.
- 398.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 85–86
- 399.
Op. Cit., pp. 6–8
- 400.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 44–45
- 401.
Op. Cit., pp. 46–47; Ballatori et al. (2000)
- 402.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 2–3; Henson et al. (1997b)
- 403.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, pp. 91–92; Miller et al. (1998a)
- 404.
Fricker had just received his Ph.D. in Organic and Biochemistry from the University of Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany, in 1986 and subsequently received the Habilitation in Experimental Medicine from Freiburg in 1993. After postdoctoral research at the University Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland, and serving as a research scientist at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals from 1988 to 1995, Fricker joined the faculty of the University of Heidelberg, where he is currently Director of the Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology in the Faculty of Biosciences.
- 405.
- 406.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 46–49; Fricker et al. (1994)
- 407.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 50–52; Miller et al. (1996a)
- 408.
Op. Cit., pp. 59–60
- 409.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 58–60; Schramm et al. (1995)
- 410.
Op. Cit., pp. 103–104; Fricker et al. (1997)
- 411.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 71–72
- 412.
Op. Cit., pp. 75–76
- 413.
- 414.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 72–73
- 415.
Crockett had received her Ph.D. from the University of Maine, Orono, in 1992, done postdoctoral research at Arizona State University for 3 years, and had recently joined the Department of Biology at Ohio University, where she remains.
- 416.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 83–84; Crockett et al. (1999)
- 417.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 98–100
- 418.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 21; 1999 Vol 38, pp. 3–4
- 419.
Berliner is the daughter of Robert Berliner, former MDIBL Investigator and early Director of the Laboratory of Kidney and Electrolyte Metabolism at the NIH (See Chap. 3). After receiving her M.D. from Yale Medical School and doing a Residency and Fellowship at Harvard’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital, she joined the faculty at Yale in 1986. She moved back to Brigham and Women’s in 2007 as Chief of Hematology, where she remains.
- 420.
Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes that are important in degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, including cell surface receptors. They are thought to play a major role in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and host defense. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_metalloproteinase.
- 421.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 90–91
- 422.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 87–88
- 423.
Hassett had received his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1986 and done postdoctoral research at the National Marine Fisheries Service Honolulu Laboratory, University of Hawaii, State University of NY at Stony Brook, and Arizona State University before joining the faculty at the Ohio University in 1995, where he is currently Associate Professor of Biological Sciences.
- 424.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 120–122
- 425.
Henry had received his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1981, done postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine from 1981 to 1983, and joined the faculty at Auburn University, Alabama, in 1983, where he is currently Professor of Zoology and Associate Dean for Research.
- 426.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 55; Henry et al. (2002)
- 427.
Riordan had received his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto in 1970, done postdoctoral research at the Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics and Biophysics in Berlin, and then joined the faculty of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto (1973) and Departments of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry in the Faculty of Medicine (1974) at the University of Toronto, where he remained until 1993. Between 1986 and 1993, he was also the Director of the Cystic Fibrosis Research Center at the Hospital for Sick Children. From 1994 to 2005, he was at the Johnson Medical Research Center at the Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, and he has been Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of North Carolina Faculty of Medicine since 2005. Riordan had actually been in one of the research groups that first cloned the gene for the CFTR protein (Tsui et al. 1988; Buchwald et al. 1989; Riordan et al. 1989; Collins et al. 1990) and had written extensively about the role of CFTR in cystic fibrosis (Bear et al. 1992; Riordan 1993; Hanrahan et al. 1995).
- 428.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, p. 60
- 429.
Haller had received his M.D. from the Freie Universität of Berlin in 1982 and done postdoctoral research and a residency in Yale University’s School of Medicine. In 1992, he received his Habilitation from the FUB and served on the faculty of the University of Berlin, the Humboldt University in Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in Berlin in the 1990s. He was recruited as Director of the Department of Nephrology and Hypertension at the Hannover Medical School in 1999 and is currently Dean of Medical Education at Hannover.
- 430.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 90–93
- 431.
Edwards received her Ph.D. in biology from Deakin University (Australia), did postdoctoral research at Georgia Southern University, and has served on the faculty of James Cook University (Australia), Georgia Southern University, and Appalachian State University, where she is currently Chair of Biology.
- 432.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 16–18; Edwards et al. (2001)
- 433.
Op. Cit., pp. 56–57; Choe et al. (1999)
- 434.
Bull MDIBL (1991), Vol 30, pp. 16–20
- 435.
Op. Cit., pp. 23–24
- 436.
Op. Cit., pp. 27–28
- 437.
Op. Cit., p. 29; Chamberlin and Ballantyne (1992)
- 438.
Op. Cit., pp. 33–34
- 439.
Op. Cit., pp. 80–82
- 440.
Op. Cit., pp. 91–93
- 441.
Op. Cit., p. 119; Blazka et al. (1992)
- 442.
Bull. MDIBL (1992), Vol 31, pp. 14–15
- 443.
Op. Cit., pp. 111–112
- 444.
Op. Cit., pp. 20–26; Straus et al. (1993)
- 445.
Op. Cit., pp. 42–43; Piferrer et al. (1993)
- 446.
Op. Cit., pp. 57–59
- 447.
Op. Cit., pp. 86–87
- 448.
Op. Cit., pp. 147–149
- 449.
Op. Cit., pp. 163–164; Brown and Andrake (1992)
- 450.
Op. Cit., pp. 166–168
- 451.
Bull MDIBL (1993), Vol 32, pp. 14–16
- 452.
Op. Cit., pp. 48–49
- 453.
Op. Cit., p. 94
- 454.
Op. Cit., pp. 110–112
- 455.
Op. Cit., pp. 115–117
- 456.
Op. Cit., pp. 131–132
- 457.
Op. Cit., pp. 133–134
- 458.
Op. Cit., pp. 137–138
- 459.
Op. Cit., p. 145
- 460.
Op. Cit., pp. 149–150
- 461.
Op. Cit., pp. 151–152
- 462.
Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 12–14
- 463.
Op. Cit., pp. 107–109
- 464.
Op. Cit., p. 110
- 465.
Op. Cit., pp. 111–112
- 466.
Op. Cit., pp. 116–119
- 467.
Op. Cit., p.. 121
- 468.
Op. Cit., pp. 127–129
- 469.
Agre’s group had recently described aquaporins as a class of proteins that were, in fact, water channels (Preston et al. 1992; Agre et al. 1993). Agre received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery in 2003. See http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/agre-lecture.html.
- 470.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, p. 10
- 471.
Op. Cit., p. 11
- 472.
Op. Cit., pp. 60–62
- 473.
Op. Cit., pp. 69–70; Jackson et al. (1996)
- 474.
Op. Cit., pp. 72–74; Ballatori et al. (1995); Strange would return 15 years later as the first, year-round Director of the MDIBL
- 475.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 78–79
- 476.
Op. Cit. pp. 83–84
- 477.
Op. Cit., p. 87; Nathanson and Mariwalla (1995); Nathanson also worked with the Boyer group the next summer and became instrumental in the MDIBL’s successful grant proposal to the NIH for a confocal microscope in 1998.
- 478.
Bull MDIBL (1995), Vol 34, pp. 89–91
- 479.
Op. Cit., p. 96
- 480.
In fishes Brockmann bodies contain tissue that produces insulin and are, therefore, similar to the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas of mammals.
- 481.
Op. Cit., pp. 100–101
- 482.
Op. Cit., pp. 105–108
- 483.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 19–21
- 484.
Op. Cit., pp. 22–23
- 485.
- 486.
Op. Cit., pp. 71–74, 75–78; (Cantiello et al. 1997); Cantiello had begun a collaboration with John Forrest’s group on ATP channels the previous two summers: Bull MDIBL (1994), Vol 33, pp. 47–48; 1995 Vol 34, pp. 22–23.
- 487.
Bull MDIBL (1996), Vol 35, pp. 79–82
- 488.
Ceruloplasmin is a copper-carrying protein enzyme in the blood of vertebrates. (See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceruloplasmin.)
- 489.
Op. Cit., pp. 85–87; Wang et al. (1999)
- 490.
Op. Cit., pp. 88–89
- 491.
Op. Cit., p. 93; Betka and Callard (1999)
- 492.
Op. Cit., pp. 98–100; ciguatera poisoning is associated with the consumption of certain tropical reef fishes, usually top predators such as barracudas, snappers, parrot fishes, and groupers. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatera.
- 493.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, pp. 7–10
- 494.
Op. Cit., pp. 23–24; heat shock proteins are intracellular proteins that mediate the folding and unfolding of other proteins. While always present, as the name indicates, their expression is increased when a cell is heated or stressed. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein.
C-Fos is another protein that is induced when cells are stressed. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Fos.
- 495.
Bull MDIBL (1997), Vol 36, p. 43
- 496.
Op. Cit., pp. 57–59
- 497.
Op. Cit., pp. 90–91, 92–94
- 498.
Op. Cit., pp. 95–97
- 499.
Op. Cit., p. 101
- 500.
Op. Cit., pp. 102–103; Beuchat and Chong (1997)
- 501.
Op. Cit., pp. 108–110
- 502.
Op. Cit., pp. 111–113
- 503.
- 504.
Bull MDIBL (1998), Vol 37, p. 17
- 505.
Op. Cit., pp. 23–25
- 506.
Op. Cit., p. 41
- 507.
Op. Cit., pp. 77–78
- 508.
Op. Cit., pp. 103–104
- 509.
Op. Cit., pp. 108–110
- 510.
Op. Cit., pp. 112–113
- 511.
Op. Cit., pp. 123–125
- 512.
Bull MDIBL (1999), Vol 38, pp. 1–2; Nathanson et al. (1999)
- 513.
Op. Cit., pp. 3–4; transferrins are plasma proteins that bind iron and thereby control the level of free iron in the body. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin.
- 514.
Op. Cit., p. 48
- 515.
Op. Cit., pp. 49–50
- 516.
Op. Cit., pp. 58–59
- 517.
Op. Cit., pp. 63–65
- 518.
Op. Cit., pp. 66–67
- 519.
Op. Cit., pp. 97–99; Summers and Ferry-Graham (2001)
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Op. Cit., pp. 114–115
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Evans, D.H. (2015). Research in the 1990s: Molecular Biology Comes to the MDIBL. In: Marine Physiology Down East: The Story of the Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory. Perspectives in Physiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2960-3_12
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