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Neurobiology of REM Sleep, NREM Sleep Homeostasis, and Gamma Band Oscillations

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Sleep Disorders Medicine

Abstract

Scientific investigations conducted in the past century have begun to describe the complex neural systems and molecular mechanisms responsible for regulating the vigilance states (wake, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep), thereby informing the development of therapies to treat sleep pathologies. This chapter presents an encompassing survey of findings, largely performed in basic animal models, employing pharmacological, electrophysiological, optogenetic, and molecular techniques describing the neurobiology of sleep. Each of the three vigilance states is reviewed, focusing on electrophysiological characteristics, relevant brain nuclei/regions, neuroanatomical interconnections, and neurotransmitters. Special emphasis is placed on recent transformative technologies for basic sleep investigations, including optogenetic and pharmacogenetic cell-specific manipulations. We describe recent evidence indicating the importance of the cortical gamma band oscillation (i.e., ~40 Hz EEG frequency range), which are prominent during wake and REM sleep, in attention and cognitive processing. The proposed role of NREM sleep in promoting metabolic and synaptic homeostasis is also reviewed. Lastly, we revisit the reciprocal interaction model of REM sleep regulation, which now integrates recent findings including circadian and GABAergic influences.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Awards I01BX001356 (RWM) and IK2BX002823 (MRZ), NIH HL095491, NIH MH039683, and NIH MH016259.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 Veterans of Foreign Wars Pkwy, Bldg. 3, Rm. 2A-112, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA

    James T. McKenna

  2. Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 1400 Veterans of Foreign Wars Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA

    Mark R. Zielinski

  3. Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, 940 Belmont St., Brockton VAMC, Psychiatry 116A, Brockton, MA, 02301, USA

    Robert W. McCarley

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  1. James T. McKenna
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  2. Mark R. Zielinski
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  3. Robert W. McCarley
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Correspondence to Robert W. McCarley .

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  1. School of Graduate Medical Education, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA

    Sudhansu Chokroverty

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McKenna, J.T., Zielinski, M.R., McCarley, R.W. (2017). Neurobiology of REM Sleep, NREM Sleep Homeostasis, and Gamma Band Oscillations. In: Chokroverty, S. (eds) Sleep Disorders Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_5

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