Abstract
Interdisciplinary research depends on research traditions and fields originating from different research teams, different countries and regions. Its essence is knowledge integration. As a dynamic and interactive process it continuously pushes the structure of science to become a complex diverse system.
In this chapter, we provide a systematic review of interdisciplinary research. Starting from a definition of interdisciplinary research, its elements, and its role for scientific progress, we particularly focus on how to identify the activity of interdisciplinary research, how to measure it and point out the limitations of existing approaches. Stating that one can measure knowledge integration implies that this notion refers to a continuum, beginning from no integration (disciplinary research) to a large degree of integration (highly interdisciplinary).
Following Stirling, Rafols and Meyer we show that knowledge integration can be measured by two main factors: a diversity factor and a network coherence factor. The diversity factor itself consists of three aspects: variety (number of categories taken into account), evenness and similarity between categories. In accordance with the Jost–Leinster–Cobbold approach we prefer a so-called true diversity measure.
As an illustration, we provide a simple example of a study on interdisciplinarity in the field of synthetic biology, using the true diversity measure derived from the Rao–Stirling measure. Finally, we include some suggestions for future research.
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Acknowledgements
Lin Zhang acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 71573085. Xiaojun Hu and Ronald Rousseau acknowledge support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 71573225. We further thank Loet Leydesdorff and Raf Guns for useful comments.
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Rousseau, R., Zhang, L., Hu, X. (2019). Knowledge Integration: Its Meaning and Measurement. In: Glänzel, W., Moed, H.F., Schmoch, U., Thelwall, M. (eds) Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02511-3_3
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