Deferring Uhuru: Decolonization and the Coming of the Global Wildlife Preservation Movement

Schauer, Jeff

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02883-1_5

Jeff Schauer⁴

Part of the book series: African Histories and Modernities ((AHAM))

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Abstract

This chapter explores the return of wildlife preservationists, now international rather than imperial, during the 1950s and 1960s, as they combined narratives of racial paranoia with notions of global trusteeship over African wildlife. The postwar proliferation of global institutions—conservation-minded ones among them—created a new constituency for wildlife amidst decolonization. This timing coincided with a violent anti-colonial struggle in Kenya, used by preservationists to support their arguments about African avarice, and by wildlife managers to hone militaristic anti-poaching methods. The alliance of local preservationists and international advocates sought to internationalize Africa’s wildlife. The College of African Wildlife Management (CAWM) in Tanzania, created to prolong preservationists’ influence after decolonization, was simultaneously embraced by African nationalists as a mechanism for driving the Africanization of their new nations.

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Notes

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3.
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4.
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15.
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21.
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22.
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28.
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29.
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30.
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31.
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33.
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34.
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36.
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38.
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39.
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49.
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51.
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52.
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53.
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54.
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55.
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57.
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58.
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59.
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60.
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61.
Alan Moorehead, No Room in the Ark (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1959): 9.
62.
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63.
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72.
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73.
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74.
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76.
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78.
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121.
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122.
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123.
Material in this section previously appeared as Jeff Schauer, “‘We Hold it in Trust’: Global Wildlife Conservation, Africanization, and the End of Empire,” Journal of British Studies, 57, 3 (July 2018): 516–542), and is reproduced with the permission of the Journal of British Studies.
124.
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125.
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127.
“Appendix I,” Kinloch, Tales From a Crowded Life, 306.
128.
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129.
Kinloch, Tales From a Crowded Life, 270–1.
130.
Kinloch, Shamba Raiders (1988), 331.
131.
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132.
Russell E. Train, Politics, Pollution, and Pandas: an Environmental Memoir (Washington, DC.: Island Press, 2003), 41.
133.
Train, Politics, Pollution, and Pandas, 40–49.
134.
Raymond Bonner, “Why no ebony in the Ivory ban? Africans are excluded from the wildlife groups,” Washington Post, May 2 1993.
135.
Kinloch, Tales from a Crowded Life, 276.
136.
AWLF pamphlet, 1969, KNA KW4/1.
137.
Priya Lal, African Socialism in Postcolonial Tanzania: Between the Village and the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015); Julius K Nyerere, Uhuru na Ujamaa, Freedom and Socialism (London: Oxford University Press, 1968).
138.
Grzimek, Rhinos Belong to Everyone, 173–75.
139.
“No time for this holier-than-thou attitude,” Daily Nation, 28 July 1963.
140.
“Notes and News,” Oryx 8, 2 (August 1965), 81.
141.
Ian Michael Wright to Richard H. Nolte, 22 September 1961, Institute of Current World Affairs, http://www.icwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/IMW-6.pdf
142.
J K Nyerere, “The Arusha Manifesto,” 1961 in Raymond Bonner, At the Hand of Man: Peril and Hope for Africa’s Wildlife (New York, 1993), 64–65.
143.
John Clemens, The Sunday Post, “The Life and Death of Ahmed,” January 20, 1974.
144.
Memo from Kaunda, September 17, 1964, NAZ EP/1/1/21.
145.
Hayes, Last Place on Earth, 46.
146.
Tanganyika Parliament. No. 8 of 1964, “An Act to establish the Collage of African Wildlife Management” (Dar es Salaam: Government Printer, 1964).
147.
“Notes and News,” Oryx 7, 3 (December 1965), 152; Report of the Joint UNDP/FAO evaluation to Tanzania, January 1979, KNA KW4/8.
148.
Chief Game Warden to Permanent Secretary Ministry of Tourism, and Director, March 4, 1963, KNA KW4/4.
149.
Tanganyika Parliament. No. 8 of 1964, “An Act to establish the Collage of African Wildlife Management” (Dar es Salaam: Government Printer, 1964), 5.
150.
S. K. Eltringham, “Recommendations for a Comprehensive Wildlife Research Program, Tanzania” (UNEP/IUCN, 1980), 48.
151.
Kinloch, Tales from a Crowded Life, 283.
152.
Kinloch, Shamba Raiders (1988), 391.
153.
AWLF to John Mutinda, 1974, KNA KW4/9.
154.
“Notes and News,” Oryx VI:4, April 1964: 146.
155.
Charles Mohr, “Safaris Are Field Work at a College for Game Wardens,” New York Times, December 16, 1970: 12.
156.
Eleventh Meeting of College Governing Body, 1969, KNA KW4/8.
157.
Charles Mohr, “Safaris Are Field Work at a College for Game Wardens,” New York Times, December 16, 1970: 12.
158.
H. F. Lamprey, “College of African Wildlife Management: A Syllabus,” African Journal of Ecology 2, 1 (1964), 76.
159.
Mweka Newsletter, 1967, KNA KW4/4.
160.
Mweka Newsletter, April 1, 1969, KNA KW4/4.
161.
Mweka Newsletter, February 8, 1965, KNA KW4/5.
162.
Memo by Joseph Mburugu, January 28, 1964, KNA KW 4/4.
163.
Charles Mohr, “Safaris Are Field Work at a College for Game Wardens,” New York Times, December 16, 1970.
164.
“Notes and News,” Oryx 6, 4 (April 1964), 145.
165.
“The FPS East African Tour,” Oryx, 8, 4 (April 1966), 220.
166.
Bere, Rennie, The Story of Uganda National Parks, RCMS 170: 7/14–7/18, Royal Commonwealth Society Library: Cambridge University Library, 8/9.
167.
Eltringham, “Recommendations,” v, 48.
168.
College accounts, 1970, KNA KW4/8.
169.
Bere, The Story of Uganda National Parks, RCMS 170: 7/20, 8/9, Royal Commonwealth Society Library: Cambridge University Library 7/20, 8/9; Eric Pace, “Hugh Lamprey, British Pioneer of Ecology in Africa, Dies at 67,” New York Times, March 3, 1996: 40; Eleventh College governing body meeting, 1969, KNA KW4/8.
170.
Technical Assistance to the Uganda Institute of Ecology, 4th European Development Fund of EEC, August 1986. UWA Library.
171.
Kinloch, Tales from a Crowded Life, 278.
172.
Eleventh meeting of the College governing body, 1969, KNA KW4/8; Delaney to Pantin, February 15, 1966, NUTAE/O, NUTAE—University Library (Cambridge).
173.
Royal National Parks to Game Department, May 22, 1963, KNA KW4/4.
174.
Child to Chief Game Warden, 1967, KNA KW4/4.
175.
Student letter, February 24, 1966, KNA KW4/5.
176.
Student letter, February 24, 1966, KNA KW4/5.
177.
Student letter, February 24, 1966, KNA KW4/5.
178.
College memo, February 10, 1976, College to sponsoring organizations, February 20, 1976, Letter from Certificate students to chairman of College board, February 11, 1976, KNA KW4/9.
179.
Report of the Joint UNDP/FAO evaluation mission to Tanzania, January 1979, KNA KW4/8.
180.
“Editorial Notes,” Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire, LIX (1949), 6.
181.
Cullen and Downey, Saving the Game, 149.

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Schauer, J. (2019). Deferring Uhuru: Decolonization and the Coming of the Global Wildlife Preservation Movement. In: Wildlife between Empire and Nation in Twentieth-Century Africa. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02883-1_5

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02883-1_5
Published: 05 December 2018
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