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The Swedish Economists

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Swedish Economists in the 1930s Debate on Economic Planning

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Economic History ((PEHS))

Abstract

Five Swedish economists were at the heart of the Swedish debate on economic planning: Gustav Cassel, Eli Heckscher and Gösta Bagge represented an older generation of classical/market liberals opposed to planning, Bertil Ohlin and Gunnar Myrdal a younger generation of social liberals or socialists advocating planning. These five fought over economic planning from the late 1920s to the late 1930s. Cassel, Heckscher and Ohlin wrote in daily newspaper on a regular basis, Bagge and Myrdal were more directly involved in policy-making. A few other economists occasionally intervened in the debate: David Davidson, Sven Brisman, Karin Kock, Gustaf and Johan Åkerman. Ernst Wigforss, leading Social Democrat and the man who “divorced” planning from socialization, will also play a role in our story. He was not an economist by profession but anyway at the forefront of economic policy debates.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    An overview of Swedish economists in the public debate is given in B. Carlson and L. Jonung, “Knut Wicksell, Gustav Cassel, Eli Heckscher, Bertil Ohlin and Gunnar Myrdal on the Role of the Economist in Public Debate”, Econ Journal Watch 3(3) (2006).

  2. 2.

    Portraits of these five and many other Swedish economists are available (in Swedish language) in C. Jonung and A.-C. Ståhlberg (eds.), Svenska nationalekonomer under 400 år (Stockholm: Dialogos, 2014).

  3. 3.

    B. Carlson, “Who Was Most World-Famous—Cassel or Keynes? The Economist as Yardstick”, Journal of the History of Economic Thought 31(4) (2009).

  4. 4.

    G. Cassel, Socialpolitik (Stockholm: Hugo Gebers Förlag, 1902).

  5. 5.

    G. Cassel, Theoretische Sozialökonomie (Leipzig: C.F. Winter, 1918); The Theory of Social Economy (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1923).

  6. 6.

    G. Cassel, I förnuftets tjänst, Vols. 1–2 (Stockholm: Natur och Kultur, 1940–1941).

  7. 7.

    Some English-language sources on Cassel: A. Montgomery, “Gustav Cassel, 1866–1945”, Economic Journal 57(228) (1947); E. Lundberg, “The Influence of Gustav Cassel on Economic Doctrine and Policy”, Skandinaviska Banken Quarterly Review 48(1) (1967); H. Brems, “Gustav Cassel Revisited”, History of Political Economy 21(2) (1989); L. Magnusson, “Gustav Cassel, Popularizer and Enigmatic Walrasian”, in The History of Swedish Economic Thought, ed. B. Sandelin (London and New York: Routledge, 1991); L. Pålsson-Syll, “Cassel and Revealed Preference Theory”, History of Political Economy 25(3) (1993); P. Samuelson, “Gustav Cassel’s Scientific Innovations: Claims and Realities”, History of Political Economy 25(3) (1993); and B. Carlson, The State as a Monster: Gustav Cassel and Eli Heckscher on the Role and Growth of the State (Lanham: University Press of America, 1994).

  8. 8.

    B. Carlson, “Eli Heckscher’s Ideological Migration Toward Market Liberalism”, Econ Journal Watch 13(1) (2016).

  9. 9.

    E. Heckscher, Gammal och ny ekonomisk liberalism (Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner, 1921).

  10. 10.

    See Y. Hasselberg, Industrisamhällets förkunnare: Eli Heckscher, Arthur Montgomery, Bertil Boëthius och svensk ekonomisk historia 1920–1950 (Hedemora/Möklinta: Gidlunds Förlag, 2007); M. Lundahl, Seven Figures in the History of Swedish Economic Thought: Knut Wicksell, Eli Heckscher, Bertil Ohlin, Torsten Gårdlund, Sven Rydenfelt, Staffan Burenstam Linder and Jamie Behar (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).

  11. 11.

    E. Heckscher, Mercantilism I-II (London: Allen & Unwin, 1935); E. Heckscher, Sveriges ekonomiska historia från Gustav Vasa I-II (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag, 1935–1936).

  12. 12.

    E. Heckscher, “Utrikeshandelns verkan på inkomstfördelningen: Några teoretiska grundlinjer”, Nationalekonomiska studier tillägnade professor David Davidson, Ekonomisk Tidskrift 21(2) (1919). This article was eventually published in English: E. Heckscher, “The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income”, in Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory, ed. H. Flam and J. Flanders (Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 1991).

  13. 13.

    Some English-language sources on Heckscher: C. G. Uhr, “Eli F. Heckscher, 1879–1952, and His Treatise on Mercantilism Revisited”, Economy and History 23(1) (1980); R. G. H. Henriksson, “Eli F. Heckscher: The Economic Historian as Economist”, in The History of Swedish Economic Thought, ed. B. Sandelin (London and New York: Routledge, 1991); Carlson, The State as a Monster; R. Findlay et al. (eds.), Eli Heckscher, International Trade and Economic History (Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 2006); Lundahl, Seven Figures in the History of Swedish Economic Thought. Heckscher’s most important writings on economic planning are reprinted in E. Heckscher, Om staten, liberalismen och den ekonomiska politiken: Texter i urval av Kurt Wickman (Stockholm: Timbro, 2000).

  14. 14.

    E. Wadensjö, “Gösta Bagge: An Entrepreneur in Swedish Economics”, in Swedish Economic Thought: Explorations and Advances, ed. L. Jonung (London and New York: Routledge, 1993).

  15. 15.

    B. Carlson, “Gösta Bagge’s American Lessons”, Scandinavian Economic History Review 39(2) (1991).

  16. 16.

    G. Bagge, Arbetslönens reglering genom sammanslutningar (Stockholm: AB Nordiska Bokhandeln, 1917).

  17. 17.

    B. Carlson, “Bagge, Lindahl och nationalinkomsten: Om National Income of Sweden 1861–1930”, Lund: Meddelande från Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, no. 27 (1982); P. G. Andreen and G. Boalt, “Bagge får tacka Rockefeller”, Stockholms universitet – Socialhögskolan: Rapport i socialt arbete, no. 30 (1987); and E. Craver, “Gösta Bagge, The Rockefeller Foundation, and Empirical Social Science Research in Sweden, 1924–1940”, in The Stockholm School of Economics Revisited, ed. L. Jonung (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

  18. 18.

    E. Wadensjö, “The Committee on Unemployment and the Stockholm School”, in The Stockholm School of Economics Revisited, ed. L. Jonung (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

  19. 19.

    Some sources on Bagge: T. Aronson, Gösta Bagges politiska tänkande: En studie i 1900-talets svenska konservatism (Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik, 1993); P. G. Andreen, Gösta Bagge som samhällsbyggare: Kommunalpolitiker – Socialpolitiker – Ecklesiastikminister (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1999).

  20. 20.

    Myrdal did not appreciate the American institutionalists of his own time since he figured that they had not upheld the radical, Marxist-oriented stance of Veblen, but moved in a conservative direction. See G. Myrdal, “Kring den praktiska nationalekonomiens problematik”, Ekonomisk Tidskrift 33(2) (1931).

  21. 21.

    G. Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944); Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations (New York: Pantheon, 1968). Some English-language sources on Myrdal: E. Lundberg, “Gunnar Myrdal’s Contribution to Economic Theory”, Swedish Journal of Economics 76(4) (1974); J. Angresano, Gunnar Myrdal’s Intellectual Development as an Institutional Economist (PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1981); A. Carlson, The Swedish Experiment in Family Politics: The Myrdals and the Interwar Population Crisis (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1990); G. Dostaler, “An Assessment of Gunnar Myrdal’s Early Work in Economics”, Journal of the History of Economic Thought 12(Fall) (1990); W. A. Jackson, Gunnar Myrdal and America’s Conscience: Social Engineering and Racial Liberalism, 1938–1987 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1990); G. Dostaler, D. Ethier, and L. Lepage (eds.), Gunnar Myrdal and His Works (Montreal: Harvest House Ltd, 1992); W. J. Barber, Gunnar Myrdal: An Intellectual Biography (Basingstoke, UK and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); and B. Carlson, “Gunnar Myrdal”, Econ Journal Watch 10(3) (2013).

  22. 22.

    B. Ohlin, Handelns teori (Stockholm: Centraltryckeriet, 1924).

  23. 23.

    B. Ohlin, Interregional and International Trade (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1933).

  24. 24.

    B. Ohlin, Penningpolitik, offentliga arbeten, subventioner och tullar som medel mot arbetslöshet: Bidrag till expansionens teori (Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner, 1934) (SOU 1934:12).

  25. 25.

    B. Ohlin “Some Notes on the Stockholm Theory of Savings and Investment I-II”, Economic Journal 47(185) (1937) and 47(186) (1937).

  26. 26.

    Some English-language sources on Ohlin: H. Brems, “Bertil Ohlin’s Contributions to Economic Theory”, Urbana-Champaign: BEBR Faculty Working Paper, no. 1305 (1986); M. Blaug (ed.), Pioneers in Economics: Bertil Ohlin (1899–1979) (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1992); R. Findlay, L. Jonung, and M. Lundahl (eds.), Bertil Ohlin: A Centennial Celebration (1899–1999) (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002); N. Berggren, “Bertil Ohlin”, Econ Journal Watch 10(3) (2013); and Lundahl, Seven Figures. A section on Ohlin and planning can be found in S.-E. Larsson, Bertil Ohlin (Stockholm: Atlantis, 1996).

  27. 27.

    See B. Carlson and L. Jonung, “Gustav Cassels artiklar i Svenska Dagbladet: Register 1903–1944”, Lund: Meddelande från Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, no. 62 (1989); B. Carlson, H. Orrje, and E. Wadensjö, Ohlins artiklar: Register över Bertil Ohlins artiklar i skandinaviska tidningar och tidskrifter 1919–1979 (Stockholm: Institutet för social forskning, 2000); Eli F. Heckschers bibliografi 1897–1949 (Stockholm: Ekonomisk-historiska institutet, 1950); Aronson, Gösta Bagges politiska tänkande; and H. Bohrn, Gunnar Myrdal: A Bibliography, 1919–1976 (Stockholm: Kungliga Biblioteket, 1976).

  28. 28.

    Bagge and Myrdal seem to have been inclined to upset each other’s plans for reasons of personal rivalry. See Andreen, Gösta Bagge som samhällsbyggare; and Lundahl, Seven Figures in the History of Swedish Economic Thought.

  29. 29.

    C. G. Uhr, Economic Doctrines of David Davidson (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975).

  30. 30.

    Brisman wrote in Göteborgs Handels och Sjöfartstidning (GHT), based in Gothenburg. However, there is no Brisman bibliography and the newspaper has not yet been digitized.

  31. 31.

    Kock was not involved in the theoretical work pursued by the Stockholm school economists. Her biographer, however, thinks that she can be seen as belonging to the “school” since “she shared the economic-political opinions of her colleagues and their overall radical view of society”. See K. Niskanen, Karriär i männens värld: Nationalekonomen och feministen Karin Kock (Stockholm: SNS Förlag, 2007), 105–106. See also C. Jonung and L. Jonung, “Karin Kock 1891–1976”, in Svenska nationalekonomer under 400 år, ed. C. Jonung and A.-C. Ståhlberg (Stockholm: Dialogos, 2014).

  32. 32.

    H. Hegeland, “Gustaf Åkerman”, and E. Dahmén, “Johan Åkerman”, in Svenska nationalekonomer under 400 år, ed. C. Jonung and A.-C. Ståhlberg (Stockholm: Dialogos, 2014).

  33. 33.

    Two leading figures in the older generation passed away before the debate took off: Knut Wicksell (1851–1926) and Gustaf Steffen (1864–1929).

  34. 34.

    C. Welinder, “Emil Sommarin 1874–1955”, in Svenska nationalekonomer under 400 år, ed. C. Jonung and A.-C. Ståhlberg (Stockholm. Dialogos, 2014), 189, 191.

  35. 35.

    E. Wadensjö, Fritz Brock: An Eccentric Economist (Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Social Research, 1994).

  36. 36.

    J. Petersson, Erik Lindahl och Stockholmsskolans dynamiska metod (Lund: Lund Economic Studies 39, 1987).

  37. 37.

    J. Lönnroth, “Gunnar Westin Silverstolpe”, in Svenska nationalekonomer under 400 år, ed. C. Jonung and A.-C. Ståhlberg (Stockholm: Dialogos, 2014).

  38. 38.

    I. Svennilson, Ekonomisk planering: Teoretiska studier (Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Tryckeri AB, 1938).

  39. 39.

    B. Carlson and M. Lundahl, “Ingvar Svennilson on Economic Planning in War and Peace”, History of Economic Ideas 25(2) (2017).

  40. 40.

    The most internationally renowned of the above-mentioned economists appear as entries in The New Palgrave (in alphabetical order): Cassel, Davidson, Hammarskjöld, Heckscher, Lindahl, Lundberg, Myrdal, Ohlin, Svennilson and the Åkerman brothers. See The New Palgrave of Economics, ed. J. Eatwell, M. Milgrave, and P. Newman (London: Macmillan, 1987).

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Carlson, B. (2018). The Swedish Economists. In: Swedish Economists in the 1930s Debate on Economic Planning. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03700-0_3

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