Abstract
In the 60 years since the launch of the first satellite in 1957, the global space economy has grown tremendously. Space-based services now bring substantial socio-economic benefits to end-users, across numerous strategic domains and economic sectors. Simultaneously, the increasingly pervasive use of space-based services by governments, businesses and consumers has resulted in a growing dependence of society and economy on space infrastructure.
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Notes
- 1.
Space Foundation (2018). The Space Report 2018: The Authoritative Guide to Global Space Activity.
- 2.
European Commission (2017). Dependence of the European Economy on Space Infrastructures: Potential Impacts of Space Assets Loss, (March 2017).
- 3.
European Commission (2016). Space Strategy For Europe. COM (2016) 705 final. Brussels: European Commission. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2016/EN/COM-2016-705-F1-EN-MAIN.PDF
- 4.
European Commission. (2018). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the space policy programme of the European Union, relating to the European Union Agency for Space and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1285/2013, No 377/2014 and No 912/2010 and Decision 541/2014/EU. Brussels.
- 5.
European Commission (2018). ‘Establishing the space programme of the Union and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme and repealing Regulations (EU) No 912/2010, (EU) No 1285/2013, (EU) No 377/2014 and Decision 541/2014/EU’, COM(2018) 447 final (June 6, 2018).
- 6.
Space Traffic Management: Towards a Roadmap for implementation, IAA Cosmic Study (2017) 80.
- 7.
For completeness, it should be noted that the current Space Fence project is to replace the previous Air Force Space Surveillance System, one of the SSN components active from 2008 to 2013.
- 8.
The Space Fence will utilise S-band ground-based radars. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/space-fence.html
See also: http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2017/August%202017/A-Closer-Watch-on-Space.aspx
- 9.
U.S. Strategic Command and Norway sign agreement to share space services, USSTRATCOM Public Affairs, April 2017 http://www.stratcom.mil/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/1142970/us-strategic-command-norway-sign-agreement-to-share-space-services-data/
- 10.
Space Policy Directive-3, National Space Traffic Management Policy, (June 18, 2018).
- 11.
Measures directly targeting the source of the threats, such as actions against cybercrime or signal jamming, are not included this report. Measures that are external to the space sector, such as actions against cybercrime, disarmament policies, and radio spectrum management are not addressed here. By the same token, broader security and defence matters such as strategic stability in outer space, deterrence and space superiority, although exceedingly central in the posture of many space powers, will not be directly covered by the report.
- 12.
The Secure World Foundation argues that the key motivation for this formalization in 2009, was the Iridium-Cosmos collision, which occurred in February 2009, see https://swfound.org/media/3584/ssa_sharing_program_issue_brief_nov2011.pdf
- 13.
USSTRATCOM, Thailand sign agreement to share space services, data, USSTRATCOM, October 2018. Retrieved from http://www.stratcom.mil/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/1659776/usstratcom-thailand-sign-agreement-to-share-space-services-data/
- 14.
McCormick, C. (2015). Space Situational Awareness in Europe: The Fractures and the Federative Aspects of European Space Efforts, Astropolitics: The International Journal of Space Politics & Policy, Volume 13, 2015, Issue 1, ISSN 1477–7622.
- 15.
Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing the space programme of the Union and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme and repealing Regulations (EU) No 912/2010, (EU) No 1285/2013, (EU) No 377/2014 and Decision 541/2014/EU, European Commission, 2018. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:33f7d93e-6af6-11e8-9483-01aa75ed71a1.0003.03/DOC_1&format=PDF
- 16.
- 17.
DoD Agrees to Share Space Data with South Korea, U.S. Department of Defense, (September 2014), http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=123097
- 18.
USSTRATCOM Hosts Fourth SSA Experiment with International Partners, USSTRATCOM Public Affairs, (October 2017). Retrieved from http://www.stratcom.mil/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/1340856/usstratcom-hosts-fourth-ssa-experiment-with-international-partners/
- 19.
German Government. (2018). Speech by Federal Minister of Defence Dr Ursula von der Leyen on the occasion of the opening of the 54th Munich Security Conference in Munich. Retrieved from: https://www.bmvg.de/resource/blob/22180/a4b7d92394e5ff6b7689c79cc71fa9d9/20180216-download-eroeffnungsrede-englisch-data.pdf. (16 February 2018).
- 20.
Deutscher Bundestag. (2018). Deutschland gut in der Raumfahrtforschung. Retrieved from:
- 21.
Le Monde. (2018). La France accuse la Russie de tentative d’espionnage par satellite. Retrieved from: https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2018/09/07/paris-revele-une-tentative-d-espionnage-russe-sur-un-satellite-franco-italien-en-2017_5351908_3210.html. (7 Septembre 2018).
- 22.
Le Monde. (2018). Les orientations diplomatiques d’Emmanuel Macron: «sécurité» en Europe et «crise humanitaire» en Syrie. Retrieved from: https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2018/08/27/europe-syrie-libye-macron-devoile-sa-feuille-de-route-diplomatique_5346644_3210.html. (27 July 2018).
- 23.
French Government. (2018). Discours du Président de la République Emmanuel Macron à l’Hôtel de Brienne. Retrieved from: http://www.elysee.fr/declarations/article/discours-du-president-de-la-republique-emmanuel-macron-a-l-hotel-de-brienne/ (13 July 2018).
- 24.
The Guardian. (2018). Defence secretary unveils strategy to protect UK satellites. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/21/defence-secretary-unveils-strategy-to-protect-uk-satellites (21 May 2018).
- 25.
U.S. Government. (2018). Space Policy Directive-3, National Space Traffic Management Policy, (June 18, 2018).
- 26.
Ibid.
- 27.
Ibid.
- 28.
U.S. Government. (2018). Space Policy Directive-3, National Space Traffic Management Policy, (June 18, 2018).
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
U.S. Government. (2018). Space Policy Directive-3, National Space Traffic Management Policy, (June 18, 2018).
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Burger, E., Bordacchini, G. (2019). Security in Outer Space: Perspectives on Transatlantic Relations. In: Yearbook on Space Policy 2017. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05417-5_6
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