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Egypt

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Integrated Space for African Society

Part of the book series: Southern Space Studies ((SOSPST))

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Abstract

This chapter examines Egypt’s participation in the international treaties regarding space affairs as well as the national implementations within the domestic legislation and policies. Following, it indicates the Egyptian space program alongside the activities of related institutions and organisations. The section also presents the past, current and proposed space missions and objectives. Following that, it demonstrates the extent of Egypt’s participation in international cooperation, partnerships and as well as regional collaboration. Finally, it concludes with some future aspects and challenges concerning Egypt’s space activities.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Lockyer, Norman. 1894. “The Dawn of Astronomy.” In A Study of Temple Worship and Mythology of the Ancient Egyptians, edited by Giorgio de Santillana. New York London: Macmillan.

  2. 2.

    UNCOPUOS. 2017. Scientific and Technical Subcommittee: 2017. Accessed March 16, 2017. http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2017/aac_105c_12017crp/aac_105c_12017crp_2_0_html/AC105_C1_2017_CRP02E.pdf.

  3. 3.

    UN. 2017. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Accessed March 16, 2017. http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/index.html.

  4. 4.

    Kraidy, Marwan M. 2002. “Arab Satellite Television Between Regionalization and Globalization.” Global Media Journal 1 (1): 2.

  5. 5.

    Ibid.

  6. 6.

    Wyk, J-A. van. 2008. “Overview of the Implementation Status of the.” African Skies 12 (1): 8.

  7. 7.

    Others are Algeria, Nigeria and South Africa.

  8. 8.

    Ibeh, J., “A breakdown of the 30 satellites launched by African nations,” Space in Africa, February 1, 2019, https://africanews.space/an-outlook-of-the-30-satellites-launched-in-africa/ (accessed February 27, 2019).

  9. 9.

    Streets Egyptian. 2014. How Egypt’s New Space Agency Will Benefit The Poor. Accessed March 20, 2017. https://egyptianstreets.com/2014/02/24/how-egypts-new-space-agency-will-benefit-the-poor/.

  10. 10.

    SpaceWatch. 2017. Egypt on the road to establishing national space agency amidst controversy. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://spacewatchme.com/2016/08/egypt-road-establish-national-space-agency-amidst-controversy/.

  11. 11.

    NARSS. 2015. About NARSS. Accessed March 20, 2017. http://www.narss.sci.eg/about.

  12. 12.

    2015. Divisions. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.narss.sci.eg/divisions/view/1/Geological_applications_and_Mineral_Resources.

  13. 13.

    See more in the website for the Cooperation between the General Authority for Industrial Development and the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences.

  14. 14.

    2016. News. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.narss.sci.eg/news/view/8/Cooperation%20%E2%80%8Bprotocol%20%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bbetween%20IDA%20and%20NARSS.

  15. 15.

    Helmy, Dr.Ashraf Khaled. 2015. Space Sciences and Strategic Studies. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.narss.sci.eg/divisions/view/5/%20Space%20Sciences%20and%20Strategic%20Studies/16/Egypt%20Space%20Program.

  16. 16.

    El-Dessouki, Ayman. 2015. “Egyptian Space Program Road-Map.” Sharm El Sheikh: ALC-2015.

  17. 17.

    Ibid.

  18. 18.

    UNESCO-UIS. 2009. “Policy of Scientific Research and Technology (Egypt).” Mombasa: UIS UNESCO.

  19. 19.

    Grayzeck, Dr. Ed. 2017. NASA Space Sciences Data Coordinated Archieve. Accessed March 20, 2017. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2007-012A.

  20. 20.

    Michelson, Ruth. 2017. Egypt's Economy in Crisis. So Why Is the Government Spending Millions on a Fancy Space Agency? Accessed March 20, 2017. http://europe.newsweek.com/egypts-economy-crisis-government-spending-millions-new-space-agency-561743?rm=eu.

  21. 21.

    Krebs, Dirk. 2017. EgyptSat 2 (MisrSat 2). Accessed March 21, 2017. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/egyptsat-2.htm.

  22. 22.

    Zak, Anatoly. 2015. EgyptSat-2 spy satellite. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://russianspaceweb.com/egyptsat2.html.

  23. 23.

    EIR. 1999. NILESAT. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.medea.be/en/themes/medias/nilesat/.

  24. 24.

    2016. Nilesat 101, 102. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/nilesat-101.htm.

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    2017. NileSat 201. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.nilesat.com.eg/Pages/Index/34.

  27. 27.

    Space in Africa, “EgyptSAT-A successfully launched as Egypt begins plan to acquire more satellites,” February 22, 2019, https://africanews.space/egyptsat-a-successfully-launched-as-egypt-begins-plan-to-acquire-more-satellites/ (accessed February 27, 2019).

  28. 28.

    Graham, W., “Soyuz 2-1b launches EgyptSat-A—suffers apparent issues—but deemed successful,” NASASpaceflight.com, February 21, 2019, https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/02/russia-2019-campaign-soyuz-2-1b-launch-egyptsat-a/ (accessed February 27, 2019).

  29. 29.

    Ashour, Hamdy A. 2007. “The Egyptian Space Program and Its Role in the Sustainable Development of Egypt, Middle East and Africa.” Morocco: UNOOSA.

  30. 30.

    Nilesat. 2017. About Us. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.nilesat.com.eg/.

  31. 31.

    Ibid., 6.

  32. 32.

    Harding, Robert C. 2013. “Space Policy in Developing Countries.” In Series: Space Powers and Politics, edited by Robert C. Harding, 166–167. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.

  33. 33.

    Egyptian Streets. 2016. Egypt is Going to Space: Government Approves Law Establishing Space Agency. Accessed March 21, 2017. https://egyptianstreets.com/2016/08/04/egypt-is-going-to-space-government-approves-law-establishing-space-agency/.

  34. 34.

    Ahramonline. 2016. Cabinet approves draft bill to establish Egyptian space agency. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/238062/Egypt/Politics-/Cabinet-approves-draft-bill-to-establish-Egyptian-.aspx.

  35. 35.

    Michelson, Ruth. 2017. Egypt's Economy in Crisis. So Why Is the Government Spending Millions on a Fancy Space Agency? Accessed March 20, 2017. http://europe.newsweek.com/egypts-economy-crisis-government-spending-millions-new-space-agency-561743?rm=eu.

  36. 36.

    Ibid., 4.

  37. 37.

    Harding, Robert C. 2013. “Space Policy in Developing Countries.” In Series: Space Powers and Politics, edited by Robert C. Harding, 166–167. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.

  38. 38.

    Ibid., 9.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., 9.

  40. 40.

    NKAU. 2002. Egyptsat-1. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.nkau.gov.ua/nsau/catalogNEW.nsf/proectE/3B41E4935D67F084C2256F2A003356A1?OpenDocument&Lang=E.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., 7.

  42. 42.

    2015. NARSS Cooperations. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.narss.sci.eg/cooperations.

  43. 43.

    El-Magd, Islam Abou. 2015. “7th Space Working Group Meeting.” Sharm El-Sheikh: African Leadership Conference.

  44. 44.

    AU. 2014. “Department of HRST Meeting of AU Space Working Group—Report.” Cairo: African Union.

  45. 45.

    Ibid., 11.

  46. 46.

    Habib, Shahid. 2015. Adressing Water Resources Management thorugh NASA Earth Observations. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://oas.gsfc.nasa.gov/MenaWisp/index.html.

  47. 47.

    MENA, “Egypt allocates $10 mn to establish African Space Agency,” Egypt Today, February 23, 2019, http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/65133/Egypt-allocates-10-mn-to-establish-African-Space-Agency (accessed February 27, 2019).

  48. 48.

    Eltigani, N., “Egypt to Establish African Space Agency in New Cairo,” Egyptian Streets, February 24, 2019, https://egyptianstreets.com/2019/02/24/egypt-to-establish-african-space-agency-in-new-cairo/ (accessed February 27, 2019).

  49. 49.

    Asi, Redazione. 2011. COSMO-SkyMed: agreement with Egypt. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.asi.it/en/news/cosmo-skymed-agreement-egypt.

  50. 50.

    Ibid., 11.

  51. 51.

    Ibid., 11.

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  1. University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa

    Besir Suleyman OZ

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  1. University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa

    Annette Froehlich

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OZ, B.S. (2019). Egypt. In: Froehlich, A. (eds) Integrated Space for African Society. Southern Space Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05980-4_7

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