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Where ‘Taniwha’ Met ‘Colonial Girl’: The Social Uses of the Nom de Plume in New Zealand Youth Correspondence Pages, 1880–1920

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Children’s Voices from the Past

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood ((PSHC))

Abstract

Hugely popular across the Anglophone world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, children’s correspondence pages are an invaluable source of youth writing from this period. This chapter focuses on the correspondence clubs in two New Zealand publications: the New Zealand Farmer and Otago Witness. Within these columns, young people forged identities for themselves in print, and in club life. At the heart of this identity creation was the use of noms de plume. Although often considered vehicles of anonymity, pseudonyms were used as part of a social process of identity construction rather than mere cloaks of disguise. Here, young people’s printed voices complicate existing understandings of pseudonymity in print culture, and also reveal the extent and nature of print-based sociability in New Zealand.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Zelica, “Dot’s Little Folk,” OW, 28 May 1902, 68 [From this point referenced as D.L.F. and OW].

  2. 2.

    Zelica, “D.L.F.,” 68.

  3. 3.

    Ibid.

  4. 4.

    See, for example, The Kid, “D.L.F.,” OW, 19 March 1902, 67.

  5. 5.

    Jessica Anne Isaac, “Compliant Circulation: Children’s Writing, American Periodicals, and Public Culture, 1839–1882” (PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh, 2015), 1.

  6. 6.

    For a discussion of the 1890s “fad” for pseudonyms, see Rachel Sagner Buurma, “Anonymity, Corporate Authority, and the Archive: The Production of Authorship in Late-Victorian England,” Victorian Studies 50, no. 1, (Autumn 2008): 22, Project Muse.

  7. 7.

    Sara Lindey, “Boys Write Back: Self-Education and Periodical Authorship in Late-Nineteenth-Century Story Papers,” American Periodicals: A Journal of History, Criticism, and Bibliography 21, no. 1 (2011): 77, Project Muse.

  8. 8.

    Guess Who, “D.L.F.,” OW, 15 August 1906, 74; Guess Who I Am, “D.L.F.,” OW, 12 November 1902, 74.

  9. 9.

    As these correspondence pages were referred to as “children’s pages”, I have chosen not to exclude the terms “children” or “child” even though a more age-embracing term such as “young people,” or “youth” might be more accurate descriptors to a modern audience.

  10. 10.

    Anna Gilderdale, “Social Print: Shaping Community and Identity Through Youth Correspondence Pages, New Zealand, 1886–1920” (MA thesis, University of Auckland, 2016), 1–8.

  11. 11.

    Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 2006), 6.

  12. 12.

    See, for example, Siân Pooley, “Children’s Writing and the Popular Press in England 1876–1914,” History Workshop Journal 80, no. 1 (2015): 75–98, https://doi-org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/10.1093/hwj/dbv020; Kristine Moruzi, “‘A Very Cruel Thing’: Canadian Children, The First World War, and the Grain Grower’s Guide,” in Children’s Literature and Culture of the First World War, eds. Lissa Paul, Rosemary Ross Johnstone, and Emma Short (New York: Routledge, 2016), 214–225; Frederick Milton, “Uncle Toby’s Legacy: Children’s Columns in the Provincial Newspaper Press,” International Journal of Regional and Local Studies 5, no. 1 (2009): 104–120; Jessica Anne Isaac, “Compliant Circulation: Children’s Writing, American Periodicals, and Public Culture, 1839–1882” (PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh, 2015); Alicia Brazeau, “‘I Must Have My Gossip with the Young Folks’: Letter Writing and Literacy in The Boys’ and Girls’ Magazine and Fireside Companion,” Children’s Literature Association Quarterly 38, no. 2 (2013): 159–176, Project Muse; Sara Lindey, “Boys Write Back: Self-Education and Periodical Authorship in Late-Nineteenth-Century Story Papers,” American Periodicals: A Journal of History, Criticism, and Bibliography 21, no. 1 (2011): 72–88, Project Muse.

  13. 13.

    Elliott West and Paula Petrik, “Introduction,” in Small Worlds: Children & Adolescents in America, 1850–1950, ed. West and Petrik (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), 2; Sally Shuttleworth, “Victorian Childhood,” Journal of Victorian Culture 9, no. 1 (2004): 108, https://doi-org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/10.3366/jvc.2004.9.1.107.

  14. 14.

    Bush Boy/Tony Anderson, “D.L.F,” OW, 30 October 1912, 77; Jacqueline Rose, The Case of Peter Pan: Or the Impossibility of Children’s Fiction, rev. ed. (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994), 1–2.

  15. 15.

    Rose, The Case of Peter Pan, 1–2; “The Infant in Print,” Spectator, 28 May 1892, 742.

  16. 16.

    Children’s correspondence in an international context is part of my broader PhD project, “A Page Without Borders? The Transnational World of Anglophone Youth Print Culture, 1880–1940” at the University of Auckland (forthcoming).

  17. 17.

    Tony Ballantyne, “Thinking Local: Knowledge, Sociability and Community in Gore’s Intellectual Life, 1875–1914,” New Zealand Journal of History 44, no. 2 (2010): 147.

  18. 18.

    See, for example, a New Zealander writing to a Canadian publication: Golden Princess/Alice E. Goulding, “A New Zealand Leaf,” Family Herald and Weekly Star, 10 May 1905, 4. For examples of children in other countries writing to New Zealand publications, see Beatrice E.W.B (Samoa), “D.L.F.,”OW, 29 October 1886, 33; Eric (Mangaia, Cook Islands), “Children’s Corner,” Maoriland Worker, 3 November 1920, 6; New Chum Cockie (Tasmania), “Older Cousins’ Circle,” Home and Household Supplement to the New Zealand Farmer, January 1906, xiii. [From this point referenced as “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF.]

  19. 19.

    Karen V. Hansen, A Very Social Time: Crafting Community in Antebellum New England (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 8.

  20. 20.

    William Fenwick, “A Farewell Letter to Dot’s Little Folk,” OW, 26 September 1906, 46.

  21. 21.

    Buurma, “Anonymity, Corporate Authority, and the Archive,” 19.

  22. 22.

    Buurma, “Anonymity,” 95.

  23. 23.

    Zelica, “D.L.F.,” OW, 4 February 1903, 68.

  24. 24.

    Julia Pardoe, The Thousand and One Days; A Companion to the Arabian Nights (London: William Lay, 1857), 305, https://archive.org/details/thousandonedaysc00pardrich; “Dunedin Exhibition Races,” Ashburton Guardian, 2 September 1889, 2.

  25. 25.

    Kevin Robins, “Cyberspace and the World We Live In,” in Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment, eds. Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows (London: Sage, 1995), 135, 146–148. Robins observes that cyberspace is often envisioned as an ‘elsewhere’ separate from reality: a utopia which exists both nowhere and somewhere. He explores the contemporary possibilities of cyberspace as a place to re-connect lost social networks which are not limited by geographic borders. The imagined community of the correspondence page is similar to this ‘elsewhere’ where children constructed identities through noms de plume which made them both no one (anonymous) and someone (an on-page celebrity).

  26. 26.

    Colonial Girl, NZF, April 1904, 264.

  27. 27.

    Dalis, “D.L.F.,” OW, 30 March 1904, 72.

  28. 28.

    Myrtle, “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, November 1904, xi.

  29. 29.

    Little Lady, “D.L.F.,” OW, 28 June 1900, 65; Loaf, “D.L.F.,” OW, 5 September 1900, 67.

  30. 30.

    For examples of Auto. format see Dot, “D.L.F.,” OW, 23 August 1905, 76; Dieudonnie, “D.L.F.,” OW, 30 March 1904, 72.

  31. 31.

    “Autos,” OW, 10 June 1903, 75.

  32. 32.

    Red Rose II, “D.L.F.,” OW, 28 October 1903, 68.

  33. 33.

    Constant Con, “D.L.F.,” OW, 14 December 1904, 74.

  34. 34.

    Arnebia, “D.L.F.,” OW, 23 April 1902, 67; Maid of Athens, “D.L.F.,” OW, 11 December 1901, 67.

  35. 35.

    Areta, “D.L.F.,” OW, 24 June 1903, 67.

  36. 36.

    Dalis, “D.L.F.,” OW, 14 August 1901, 68.

  37. 37.

    Dalis, “D.L.F.,” 68.

  38. 38.

    Dot in reply to Evangeline III, “D.L.F.,” OW, 6 September 1905, 83; Dot in reply to A Telescope, “D.L.F.,” OW, 20 July 1901, 83.

  39. 39.

    Dot, “D.L.F.,” OW, 20 July 1901, 83.

  40. 40.

    Keith Scott, Dear Dot, I Must Tell You: A Personal History of Young New Zealanders (Auckland: Activity Press, 2011), 241; Pat Pflieger, “An ‘Online Community’ of the Nineteenth Century,” Nineteenth-Century American Children and What They Read, accessed December 10, 2017, http://www.merrycoz.org/papers/online/online.xhtml.

  41. 41.

    Kippiehoe, “D.L.F.,” OW, 1 January 1908, 83.

  42. 42.

    Norah L. Lewis, “Introduction,” in ‘I Want to Join Your Club’: Letters from Rural Children, 1900–1920, ed. Lewis (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1996), 8.

  43. 43.

    Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1908), 293, https://archive.org/details/annegreengables00montgoog; Buurma, “Anonymity, Corporate Authority, and the Archive,” 19, 24.

  44. 44.

    George Tappin, “Children’s Post Office,” H&H, NZF, October 1904, v. [Hereafter referenced as C.P.O.]

  45. 45.

    Lamb, “D.L.F.,” OW, 2 November 1899, 58.

  46. 46.

    Lamb, “D.L.F.,” 58.

  47. 47.

    James W. Carey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society, rev. ed. (New York: Routledge, 2009), 12, 16–17.

  48. 48.

    Carey, Communication, 15.

  49. 49.

    This is not a complete list of New Zealand correspondence pages, but reflects those publications to which I had access in hard-copy, microfilm, and increasingly in searchable digital formats through the database Papers Past. However, as new publications are constantly being added to online archives, more of these correspondence pages will undoubtedly be revealed.

  50. 50.

    See, for example, Curly Nut, “Our Young Folks’ Column,” Mataura Ensign, 4 August 1910, 7.

  51. 51.

    Sunbeam, “Our Young Folks’ Column,” Mataura Ensign, 2 August 1900, 3.

  52. 52.

    Queen Elizabeth, “Our Young Folks’ Column,” Mataura Ensign, 30 July 1903, 3.

  53. 53.

    Alice Goulding/Golden Princess, “A New Zealand Leaf,” Family Herald and Weekly Star, 10 May 1905, 4.

  54. 54.

    David Hastings, Extra! Extra! How People Made the News (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2013), 7.

  55. 55.

    Pooley, “Children’s Writing,” 81.

  56. 56.

    Uncle Ned, “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, December 1906, vii.

  57. 57.

    Don, “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, August 1904, xvii.

  58. 58.

    Frederick S. Milton, “Newspaper Rivalry in Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1876–1919: ‘Dicky Birds’ and ‘Golden Circles’,” Northern History XLVI (2009): 279, https://doi-org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/10.1179/174587009X452341.

  59. 59.

    “A D.L.F. Social Gathering,” OW, 19 October 1904, 15.

  60. 60.

    “D.L.F.,” OW, 26 April 1911, 79; “Obituary Notice,” OW, 23 June 1915, 75; “D.L.F. Wedding: Beach—Hancox,” OW, 15 May 1918, 57.

  61. 61.

    Lavengro, “Midgie and Cornish Married,” OW, 13 December 1911, 77.

  62. 62.

    Taniwha, “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, August 1904, xi.

  63. 63.

    The Shaughraun, “Our Round Table,” NZF, October 1915, 1389.

  64. 64.

    Dicky Bird, “D.L.F.,” OW, 6 July 1910, 83.

  65. 65.

    Geranium’s Daughter, “D.L.F.,” OW, 11 December 1918, 56; Marguerite, “D.L.F.,” OW, 28 December 1899, 61; Heather Lily, “D.L.F.,” OW, 10 July 1918, 56.

  66. 66.

    Lauren Berlant, The Female Complaint (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008), vii–viii; Pooley, “Children’s Writing,” 79.

  67. 67.

    Patricia Okker, Social Stories: The Magazine Novel in Nineteenth-Century America (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003), 16.

  68. 68.

    Okker, Social Stories, 3.

  69. 69.

    See, for example, “D.L.F.,” OW, 5 March 1902, 67; “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, July 1909, xiii.

  70. 70.

    Isaac, “Compliant Circulation,” 36.

  71. 71.

    Stephanie Newell, “Something to Hide? Anonymity and Pseudonyms in the Colonial West African Press,” Journal of Commonwealth Literature 45, no. 1 (March 2010): 11, https://doi-org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/10.1177/0021989409359547.

  72. 72.

    Karen Sánchez-Eppler, “Marks of Possession: Methods for an Impossible Subject,” PMLA 126, no. 1 (2011): 155, https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/stable/41414087.

  73. 73.

    Intrigue, “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, August 1904, xvi; Alter Ego, “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, August 1904, x; Find Me Out, “D.L.F.,” OW, 13 May 1903, 67; Patriotic Girl, “D.L.F.,” OW, 23 June 1915, 75; Soldier Boy, “D.L.F.,” OW, 14 June 1916, 68; Verdun, “D.L.F.,” OW, 14 June 1916, 67.

  74. 74.

    Connecticut, “D.L.F.,” OW, 23 September 1908, 83; Lyddite, “D.L.F.,” OW, 6 February 1901, 70.

  75. 75.

    Pardoe, The Thousand and One Days, 305; Sherlock Holmes, “D.L.F.,” OW, 6 April 1904, 68; Omas, “D.L.F.,” OW, 19 April 1911, 80; Rip Van Winkle, “O.C.C. Meeting at the Palmerston North Show,” H&H, NZF, December 1907, x; Yvonne, “D.L.F.,” OW, 3 May 1900, 69; Lorenzo, “D.L.F.,” OW, 6 February 1901, 69.

  76. 76.

    Texas Jack, “D.L.F.,” OW, 5 December 1906, 83.

  77. 77.

    Jane Stafford and Mark Williams, Maoriland: New Zealand Literature, 1872–1914 (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2006).

  78. 78.

    Kia Ora, “D.L.F.,” OW, 1 May 1907, 75. The term Te Reo refers to the Māori language. Te Reo terms like Kia Ora (hello, best wishes, good luck) and Aroha Nui (much love) were in popular use in New Zealand at this time.

  79. 79.

    Araho Kainui, “D.L.F.,” OW, 27 April 1904, 73.

  80. 80.

    Taffy, “Critic Club,” OW, 25 May 1904, 68.

  81. 81.

    Taffy, “Critic,” 68.

  82. 82.

    Taffy, “D.L.F.,” OW, 4 January 1900, 58.

  83. 83.

    Runaway Jam-Pot, “D.L.F.,” OW, 15 March 1911, 83; Watery Grave, “D.L.F.,” OW, 18 March 1908, 99.

  84. 84.

    Kiss Me In the Dark, “D.L.F.,” OW, 10 December 1913, 69.

  85. 85.

    Star of the Evening, “D.L.F.,” OW, 15 February 1905, 74.

  86. 86.

    Woodland Lassie I, “D.L.F.,” OW, 13 May 1903, 67.

  87. 87.

    Camelia I, “D.L.F.,” OW, 6 April 1904, 69.

  88. 88.

    Camelia I, “D.L.F.,” 69.

  89. 89.

    Ibid.

  90. 90.

    Saucy Joe, “D.L.F.,” OW, 4 March 1914, 69; Perpetual Motion, “D.L.F.,” OW, 19 August 1903, 73; Pincushion, “C.P.O.,” H&H, NZF, January 1908, x.

  91. 91.

    The Disgusted D.L.F., “D.L.F.,” OW, 28 October 1903, 67.

  92. 92.

    Rogue II, “D.L.F.,” OW, 11 November 1903, 68.

  93. 93.

    Beryl, “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, August 1904, ix.

  94. 94.

    “The Hand of Death,” OW, 18 December 1912, 77; “Lineage and Honors Information,” U.S. Army Centre of Military History, last modified 1 July 2003, https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/armor-cav/007cv.htm.

  95. 95.

    Jennie Batchelor, “Anon, Pseud and ‘By a Lady’: The Spectre of Anonymity in Women’s Literary History,” in Women’s Writing, 1660–1830, eds. Jennie Batchelor and Gillian Dow (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 90.

  96. 96.

    “Club Notes,” OW, 17 December 1913, 80; British Lion, “D.L.F.,” OW, 16 October 1918, 56.

  97. 97.

    “Charley’s Aunt,” NZF, August 1904, 606.

  98. 98.

    Lily of the Valley, “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, October 1904, x; Country Cousin, “O.C.C.,” H&H, NZF, October 1904, vi.

  99. 99.

    “Death of an Old Writer,” OW, 23 June 1915, 75.

  100. 100.

    “Marriages Search,” Births, Deaths and Marriages Online, accessed December 10, 2017, https://www.bdmhistoricalrecords.dia.govt.nz/Search/Search?Path=querySubmit.m%3fReportName%3dMarriageSearch%26recordsPP%3d30#SearchResults.

  101. 101.

    The Oxford English Dictionary Online defines cooee as “The call or cry used as a signal by the Australian aborigines, and adopted by the colonists in the bush.” “cooee, n. (and int.),” OED Online, last modified July 2018, http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/view/Entry/40940?rskey=IpS7Jb&result=1&isAdvanced=false.

  102. 102.

    Cooee, “D.L.F.,” OW, 29 September 1898, 51.

  103. 103.

    “Death of an Old Writer,” OW, 23 June 1915, 75.

  104. 104.

    Scott, Dear Dot, 469–470.

  105. 105.

    Somebody’s Sailor Boy, “D.L.F.,” OW, 20 February 1918, 56.

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  1. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    Anna Gilderdale

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  1. Anna Gilderdale
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  1. Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia

    Kristine Moruzi

  2. Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia

    Nell Musgrove

  3. University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Carla Pascoe Leahy

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Gilderdale, A. (2019). Where ‘Taniwha’ Met ‘Colonial Girl’: The Social Uses of the Nom de Plume in New Zealand Youth Correspondence Pages, 1880–1920. In: Moruzi, K., Musgrove, N., Pascoe Leahy, C. (eds) Children’s Voices from the Past. Palgrave Studies in the History of Childhood. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11896-9_3

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