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Functional Mitral Regurgitation

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Abstract

Mitral valve regurgitation is one of the most common valve lesions. Clinical decision making for mitral regurgitation depends on accurate assessment of the mechanism and quantitation of mitral regurgitation. The mechanism of mitral regurgitation in a significant proportion of patients especially in the developed countries is functional. The mechanism underlying functional mitral regurgitation is due to left ventricular dilation. Furthermore, as functional mitral regurgitation is by nature a dynamic problem, accurate assessment of severity can be challenging. Echocardiography which enables real time imaging of the heart is the primary imaging modality in the diagnosis and assessment of functional mitral regurgitation. Important information can be obtained from a systematic echocardiographic assessment of the whole mitral apparatus and the underlying ventricular myocardium. Due to the complex spatial and dynamic pattern of flow across the mitral valve in patients with functional mitral regurgitation, obtaining accurate flow quantification using standard two-dimensional measures can be challenging. Three-dimensional echocardiographic techniques have been successful in overcoming some of the inherent geometric limitations of two-dimensional imaging. This chapter outlines the key aspects of functional mitral regurgitation and includes an overview of the anatomy of the mitral valve in the context of functional mitral regurgitation and standard flow measures as assessed using two- and three dimensional echocardiography.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia

    Timothy C. Tan

  2. Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Xin Zeng & Judy Hung

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  1. Timothy C. Tan
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  2. Xin Zeng
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  3. Judy Hung
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Correspondence to Judy Hung .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Milano-Bicocca and Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milano, Italy

    Luigi P. Badano

  2. Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Roberto M. Lang

  3. University of Milano-Bicocca and Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milano, Italy

    Denisa Muraru

Electronic Supplementary Material

Biplane image of a dilated left ventricle showing the tethering of the mitral leaflets resulting in incomplete coaptation (AVI 15947 kb)

(Left) Transesophageal 3DE image of the mitral valve viewed from left atrium in a patient with functional mitral regurgitation. There is a visible gap along the coaptation line due to tethered mitral leaflets (AVI 4084 kb)

(Right) Corresponding 3DE color Doppler image of the mitral valve seen from the left ventricular perspective showing origin of functional mitral regurgitation jet is through this gap (AVI 12099 kb)

Transesophageal 3DE color acquisition. Multislice display of the proximal part of the jet to identify the vena contracta area (AVI 18542 kb)

3DE measurement of regurgitant orifice area and volume in a patient with functional mitral regurgitation using transthoracic 3DE color Doppler and EsiePISA software package (Simenes Healthineer, Mountainview, CA, USA). The continuous change in the shape and volume of the proximal isovelocity surface (in green) and of the numbers show the dynamic nature the degree of regurgitation throughout the cardiac systole (AVI 6858 kb)

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Tan, T.C., Zeng, X., Hung, J. (2019). Functional Mitral Regurgitation. In: Badano, L., Lang, R., Muraru, D. (eds) Textbook of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14032-8_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14032-8_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-14030-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-14032-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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