Abstract
Industrialization and increase in resource consumption, coupled with the rapid increase of population size, have placed relentless pressure on the scarcity of natural resources and disposal of waste generated. Historically, industries have been open systems of material flow according to the cradle-to-grave concept. In fact, natural resources have been extracted, consumed to produce goods, and once these materials wore out, they were disposed of through either through incineration or landfill. In order to reduce the effect of industrial waste on the environment and to reach sustainable development, countries have developed and enforced environmental protections laws and regulations. Waste disposal via incineration and/or landfilling according to cradle-to-grave concept requires high capital, high running costs, and is seen by industries as a barrier for further industrial development. Most importantly, disposal of waste depletes natural resources unsustainably. Hence, various concepts and strategies have been suggested to promote industrial sustainability. This chapter presents these concepts and practices as described in the literature to create a sustainable industrial community and reach zero waste/pollution using the concept of cradle-to-cradle, cleaner production, industrial ecology, eco-industrial park, and environmentally balanced industrial complex. Case studies are used to further illustrate these concepts.
Where the willingness is great, the difficulties cannot be great
Niccolò Machiavelli
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El-Haggar, S., Samaha, A. (2019). Sustainable Industrial Community. In: Roadmap for Global Sustainability — Rise of the Green Communities. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14584-2_9
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