Skip to main content

Anticoagulation Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Patient Blood Management in Cardiac Surgery
  • 653 Accesses

Abstract

Heparin and protamine are among the most frequently administered drugs during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Heparin is mostly dosed to achieve full anticoagulation, which is monitored by the activated clotting time. In case of heparin resistance, alternative approaches should be considered, including the use of more sophisticated anticoagulation monitoring techniques. Protamine neutralizes heparin, but exerts anticoagulant effect itself when administered in the absence of heparin.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Finley A, Greenberg C. Review article: heparin sensitivity and resistance: management during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:1210–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Găman AM, Găman GD. Deficiency of Antithrombin III (AT III) - case report and review of the literature. Curr Health Sci J. 2014;40:141–3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Boer C, Meesters MI, Milojevic M, et al. 2017 EACTS/EACTA guidelines on patient blood management for adult cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017;25:1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hoenicka M, Rupp P, Muller-Eising K, et al. Anticoagulation management during multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized trial comparing individualized heparin management and conventional hemostasis management. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13:1196–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Vonk AB, Veerhoek D, van den Brom CE, van Barneveld LJ, Boer C. Individualized heparin and protamine management improves rotational thromboelastometric parameters and postoperative hemostasis in valve surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;28:235–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Radulovic V, Laffin A, Hansson KM, Backlund E, Baghaei F, Jeppsson A. Heparin and protamine titration does not improve Haemostasis after cardiac surgery: a prospective randomized study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0130271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Boer C, Meesters MI, Veerhoek D, Vonk ABA. Anticoagulant and side-effects of protamine in cardiac surgery: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth. 2018;120:914–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Teoh KH, Young E, Bradley CA, Hirsh J. Heparin binding proteins. Contribution to heparin rebound after cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 1993;88:II420–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Galeone A, Rotunno C, Guida P, et al. Monitoring incomplete heparin reversal and heparin rebound after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013;27:853–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ichikawa J, Kodaka M, Nishiyama K, Hirasaki Y, Ozaki M, Komori M. Reappearance of circulating heparin in whole blood heparin concentration-based management does not correlate with postoperative bleeding after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;28:1003–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Nielsen VG, Malayaman SN. Protamine sulfate: crouching clot or hidden hemorrhage? Anesth Analg. 2010;111:593–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Koster A, Borgermann J, Gummert J, Rudloff M, Zittermann A, Schirmer U. Protamine overdose and its impact on coagulation, bleeding, and transfusions after cardiopulmonary bypass: results of a randomized double-blind controlled pilot study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2014;20:290–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Meesters MI, Veerhoek D, de Lange F, et al. Effect of high or low protamine dosing on postoperative bleeding following heparin anticoagulation in cardiac surgery. A randomised clinical trial. Thromb Haemost. 2016;116:251–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Warkentin TE, Koster A. Bivalirudin: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6:1349–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dyke CM, Smedira NG, Koster A, et al. A comparison of bivalirudin to heparin with protamine reversal in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: the EVOLUTION-ON study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:533–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christa Boer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Boer, C. (2019). Anticoagulation Management. In: von Heymann, C., Boer, C. (eds) Patient Blood Management in Cardiac Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15342-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15342-7_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15341-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15342-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics