Abstract
Jackendoff’s approach to morphology is illustrated here with Dutch examples. He does not distinguish inflection and derivation, but only productive and semi- or non-productive rules. Morphemes can be lexical entries, but if a morphological category is realized in a morpheme in some cases, it need not be realized as a separate morpheme in all cases. Moreover, individual speakers may store complex words as lexical entries. Rules that are not productive are rather represented as redundancy rules. For compounding, Jackendoff proposes a system that uses general mechanisms such as rules (encoded as lexical entries), profiling and action modality, as well as a specific mechanism for generating the relationship between the components.
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Notes
- 1.
It can be shown that this is a more accurate description than saying that (2b) has the first person singular form by considering irregular verbs such as kunnen (‘can’). The first person singular is kan, the second person singular kunt and with inversion we get kun jij (‘can you’). In the third person singular, the -t is always maintained, e.g. hoeveel koffie drinkt hij? (‘how much coffee does he drink?’).
- 2.
“Unité morphologique non-susceptible d’être divisée en unités morphologiques plus petites, c.-à-d. une partie de mot qui, dans toute une série de mots, se présente avec la même fonction formelle et qui n’est pas susceptible d’être divisée en parties plus petites possédant cette qualité.” [My translation, PtH]. Vachek gives as the source the ‘Projet de terminologie phonologique standardisée’ from the Travaux Linguistique de Prague (1931).
- 3.
As noted by Stump (2011), there are two conflicting notions of morpheme in the linguistic literature. One focuses on the complementary distribution, the other on phonetic-semantic resemblance. They result in different analyses of the plural endings in (11). Ten Hacken (2013b) discusses Dutch nominal plurals in more detail.
- 4.
Maken also has a reading with an adjective, e.g. Niek maakt de auto kapot (‘Niek makes the car broken’, i.e. Niek ruins the car). (16) is the entry for the use in, for instance, Niek maakt een kast (‘Niek makes a cupboard’).
- 5.
The prefixes in (20a) and (20n) cause the past participle of these verbs to have no prefix ge-, as a result of a further general rule.
- 6.
For knowed, COCA (2008–2017) gives 211 occurrences, but no other regular past of an irregular verb has more than 6. It should also be noted that BNC (2007) gives only 2 occurrences of knowed. Even 211 is a low number compared to the 174,202 occurrences of knew and the 116,736 occurrences of known.
- 7.
- 8.
In the original, the underline at the start stops before the first round bracket, but the [thing]p argument is clearly intended as underlined, because otherwise the formula is not correct, with a dangling [THING] argument at the start if the underlined parts are not realized.
- 9.
The representation of (32c) follows Jackendoff’s (2010: 437) structure for similar nouns in English, but adapts the notation to the form introduced here. In general, Jackendoff uses slightly different notations in different publications.
- 10.
Jackendoff (2016: 25) denies this. Without changing the representations or providing further arguments, he gives bus driver along with such compounds as sea level as examples of the application of (30). As the contrast between (30) and (31) is not intended as a basis for classification, the issue is of minor importance.
- 11.
Jackendoff (2010) combines loc and locTemp into one, splits make (x, y, from Z) into make (x, y) and make (x, from y), and adds the function have. In presenting the latter, Jackendoff does not seem to be concerned about problem (34d) when he describes the meaning as “‘X has Y’ in many senses of ‘have’” (2010: 442). Jackendoff (2016) introduces be (y, x), subsuming Y(X) and both (X, Y).
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ten Hacken, P. (2019). Morphology in Jackendoff’s Parallel Architecture. In: Word Formation in Parallel Architecture. SpringerBriefs in Linguistics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18009-6_3
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