Abstract
In this chapter, we define wheat (gluten) sensitivity that is in fact ATI sensitivity (ATI, amylase trypsin inhibitors). How does ATI sensitivity manifest itself? The inflammatory activity of ATI is found in gluten-containing foods. ATI stimulate the innate intestinal immune cells. Importantly, ATI stimulation exacerbates chronic diseases mainly outside the intestine. The discovery of ATI as a prime trigger of (non-celiac) wheat sensitivity is a second paradigm shift in autoimmunity (after the discovery of tissue transglutaminase as the celiac disease autoantigen). ATI also promote metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The abdominal adipose tissue is discussed as an inflammatory organ in its own right. We give instructions for the ATI-reduced diet. The chapter is rounded up by five commented clinical cases from our practice that highlight the different manifestations of ATI sensitivity.
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Notes
- 1.
The mice won’t get hurt when they receive ATI in their diet. All experiments have been evaluated and approved by the Animal Care Committees in Boston or the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and considered to be fully ethically justifiable and necessary for the improvement of human health.
- 2.
All authors that incriminated gluten as trigger of innate immunity did neither identify defined gluten peptides nor a specific receptor. The lack of these specific identifications is a grave problem and not acceptable in serious scientific research. Having not identified the players in the game renders any kind of statements on cause and effect invalid or speculative.
- 3.
We reserve 30–60 min for each new patient, to take a detailed history, perform a thorough physical exam, and evaluate prior findings and medical records.
- 4.
In our outpatient clinic, we do not limit ourselves to intestinal or autoimmune diseases, but also consider all body systems that we further explore with special tests and studies, if indicated.
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Schuppan, D., Gisbert-Schuppan, K. (2019). ATI Sensitivity. In: Wheat Syndromes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19023-1_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19023-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-19022-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-19023-1
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