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“A Settlement Nobody Wants”: Exclusion Gains Ground, 1913–1914

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Shaping Ireland’s Independence

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Abstract

This chapter examines how, by 1913, the idea of excluding Ulster from home rule dominated discussions of Ireland’s future. Unionists insisted only this would avert civil war, but Rast argues they did not really want a settlement and assumed Irish nationalists would block exclusion, forcing the general election that was their real goal. They did not anticipate that the Liberal Cabinet would advance exclusion by themselves. Irish nationalist leaders were willing to make concessions to Ulster unionists, consenting to temporary exclusion believing this would safeguard home rule. Cabinet members ceased consulting Irish nationalists as their concessions to unionists expanded. The First World War intervened before Irish division or civil war, but tensions were held in place: unionists feared future self-government and its delay frustrated nationalists.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Robert Blake, The Unknown Prime Minister: The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law, 1858–1923 (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1955), 125–127; Patrick Buckland, Irish Unionism Two: Ulster Unionism and the Origins of Northern Ireland, 1886–1922 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1973), 50–54; Ronan Fanning, Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution, 1910–1922 (London: Faber and Faber, 2013), 51–52, 58–59; Alan O’Day, Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 245–246; Edward Pearce, Lines of Most Resistance (London: Little, Brown, 1999), 1–5, 481–485.

  2. 2.

    R. J. Q. Adams, Bonar Law (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 98; Martin Mansergh, “The Role of the Leaders: Asquith, Churchill, Balfour, Bonar Law, Carson and Redmond,” in The Home Rule Crisis, 1912–1914, ed. Gabriel Doherty (Cork: Mercier, 2014), 365; Nicholas Mansergh, The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and Its Undoing, 1912–72 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 48, 54.

  3. 3.

    Alvin Jackson, Home Rule: An Irish History, 1800–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 116–118; David Powell, British Politics, 1910–35: The Crisis of the Party System (London: Routledge, 2004), 53–57, 63; Jeremy Smith, “Bluff, Bluster and Brinkmanship: Andrew Bonar Law and the Third Home Rule Bill,” Historical Journal 36, no. 1 (Mar. 1993): 161–178; Andrew Taylor, Bonar Law (London: Haus, 2006), 59, 63–64.

  4. 4.

    Fanning, Fatal Path, 66–67, 74.

  5. 5.

    Jeremy Smith, The Tories and Ireland, 1910–1914: Conservative Party Politics and the Home Rule Crisis (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2000), 6–7.

  6. 6.

    Paul Bew, Ideology and the Irish Question: Ulster Unionism and Irish Nationalism, 1912–1916 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), 105; M. Mansergh, “Role of the Leaders,” 369; Patrick Maume, The Long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Life, 1891–1918 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 137, 143, 145.

  7. 7.

    A. C. Hepburn, Catholic Belfast and Nationalist Ireland in the Era of Joe Devlin, 1871–934 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 144–154.

  8. 8.

    Conor Mulvagh, The Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster, 1900–1918 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016), 103–113.

  9. 9.

    Bew, Ideology, 24; Joseph Finnan, John Redmond and Irish Unity, 1912–1918 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2004), 228–229, 232; N. Mansergh, Unresolved Question, 86; Dermot Meleady, John Redmond: The National Leader (Sallins: Merrion, 2014), 5–6.

  10. 10.

    Pauline Collombier-Lakeman, “Myopia or Utopia?: The Discourse of Irish Nationalist MPs and the Ulster Question during the Parliamentary Debates of 1912–14,” 118–137 and Erica S. Doherty, “Ulster ‘Will Not Fight’: T. P. O’Connor and the Third Home Rule Bill Crisis, 1912–14,” 102–117 in Home Rule Crisis; Brian Girvin, From Union to Union: Nationalism, Democracy and Religion in Ireland, Act of Union to EU (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2002), 29–30; G. K. Peatling, British Opinion and Irish Self-Government, 1865–1925: From Unionism to Liberal Commonwealth (Dublin: Irish Academic, 2001), 75–81.

  11. 11.

    Iain McLean, What’s Wrong with the British Constitution? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 101–128; Fanning, Fatal Path, 1–6; G. R. Searle, A New England?: Peace and War, 1886–1918 (Oxford: Clarendon, 2004), 431–432.

  12. 12.

    Hansard, HC, 1 Jan 1913, “Clause 1,” Carson, vol. 46, columns 377–392.

  13. 13.

    For Carson’s contemporaries, see P. W. Joyce, A Concise History of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to 1837 (Dublin: Gill, 1903), 187–189; Constantia Maxwell, A Short History of Ireland (New York: Stokes, n.d. [1913]), 46–47, 67, 71. For later assessments, see Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580–1650 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 197, 207, 211, 222; Raymond Gillespie, Seventeenth-Century Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2006), 54, 200.

  14. 14.

    Contemporary examples: Ernest Hamilton, The Soul of Ulster (New York: Dutton, 1917), 109–139; Ronald McNeill, Ulster’s Stand for Union (London: Murray, 1922), 7–8; F. Frankfort Moore, The Truth About Ulster (London: Nash, 1914), 70–72. Historical treatments: Carolyn Augspurger, “National Identity, Religion, and Irish Unionism: The Rhetoric of Irish Presbyterian Opposition to Home Rule in 1912,” Irish Political Studies 33, no. 3 (Oct. 2018): 8–10; F. S. L. Lyons, Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890–1939 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1979), 118–145; Ian McBride, “Ulster and the British Problem,” in Unionism in Modern Ireland: New Perspectives on Politics and Culture, ed. Richard English and Graham Walker (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1996), 8.

  15. 15.

    UH, 5 Sept 1914; The Kaiser’s Ulster Friends (Belfast: Ulster Liberal Association, n.d.).

  16. 16.

    Hansard, HC, 1 Jan 1913, “Clause 1,” Andrew Bonar Law and Winston Churchill, vol. 46, columns 460–479.

  17. 17.

    PRONI, T3775/5/1, Bonar Law to Craig, 3 Sept 1912.

  18. 18.

    Lansdowne, Albert Hall, TT, 15 Nov; Bonar Law, Ashton-under-Lyne, TT, 17 Dec 1912.

  19. 19.

    Oliver Betts, “‘The Peoples’ Bread’: A Social History of Joseph Chamberlain and the Tariff Reform Campaign,” in Joseph Chamberlain: International Statesman, National Leader, Local Icon, ed. Ian Cawood and Chris Upton (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 130–147.

  20. 20.

    Stuart Ball, The Conservative Party and British Politics, 1902–1951 (Harlow: Longman, 1995), 38–46, 50–51; Robert Blake, The Conservative Party from Peel to Thatcher (London: Methuen, 1985), 179–188; E. H. H. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 19–41; David Thackeray, Conservatism for the Democratic Age: Conservative Cultures and the Challenge of Mass Politics in Early Twentieth-Century England (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013), 17–65, 69.

  21. 21.

    Ronald McNeill, Letter, TT, 24 Dec; Letters from Herbert Whiteley, Keith Fraser, TT, 24, 25 Dec; Observer, 22 Dec; Godfrey Fetherstonhaugh, Ederney, IT, 26 Dec 1912; Austen Chamberlain, “The Unionist Party and Preference,” NR (Feb. 1913): 916; BWN, 2 Jan; NR (Mar. 1913): 16.

  22. 22.

    John Barnes and David Nicholson, eds., The Leo Amery Diaries, 2 vols. (London: Hutchinson, 1980), I:88, 31 Dec; L. S. Amery, My Political Life, 2 vols. (London: Hutchinson, 1953), I:413–416; David Lindsay [Lord Balcarres, Earl Crawford], The Crawford Papers, ed. John Vincent (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), 292, 18 Dec 1912.

  23. 23.

    Bonar Law to Strachey, 9 Dec 1912 in A. M. Gollin, The Observer and J. L. Garvin, 1908–1914: A Study in Great Editorship (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960), 371; Taylor, Bonar Law, 44–52.

  24. 24.

    Adams, Bonar Law, 76–94; Blake, Unknown Prime Minister, 105–119.

  25. 25.

    For the quote, see J. L. Garvin to Waldorf Astor, 18 March 1914 in Gollin, Observer, 419. For Carson and the British Covenant, PRONI, D1507/A/5/11, Milner to Carson, 27 Feb 1914.

  26. 26.

    UKPA, BL/33/5/68, Bonar Law, Memorandum, 8 Oct 1913; Catherine B. Shannon, Arthur J. Balfour and Ireland, 1874–1922 (Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1988), 33–44.

  27. 27.

    UKPA, BL/33/6/80, Bonar Law, “Conversation with the P.M.,” 15 Oct 1913.

  28. 28.

    NLI, Ms. 49,803/10, Betty Balfour to Horace Plunkett, 1 Sept 1913.

  29. 29.

    DH, 26 Sept; James Ramsay MacDonald, FJ, 26 Nov; The Suffragette (London), 20 June, 12 Sept; MG, 26, 28 March; 23 May 1913.

  30. 30.

    J. J. Horgan, ed., The Complete Grammar of Anarchy: By Members of the War Cabinet and Their Friends (Dublin: Maunsel, 1918), vii, 13; Lucy Masterman, C. F. G. Masterman: A Biography (London: Nicholson and Watson, 1939), 243.

  31. 31.

    F. E. Smith, Ballyclare, IT, 22 Sept 1913.

  32. 32.

    UKPA, BL/30/2/21, Lansdowne to Bonar Law, 23 Sept; BL/33/5/61, Bonar Law to Lansdowne, 27 Sept 1913.

  33. 33.

    Smith to Churchill, 5 Oct 1913 in R. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, Volume II, Companion Part 3, 1401.

  34. 34.

    The Captains and the Kings Depart: Journals and Letters of Reginald, Viscount Esher, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner, 1938), I:135, 14 Sept 1913.

  35. 35.

    For UVF numbers as calculated by the RIC, Breandán Mac Giolla Choille, ed., Intelligence Notes, 1913–16 (Baile Átha Cliath: Oifig an tSoláthair, 1966), 27. For a press estimate, IT, 15 Oct 1913.

  36. 36.

    UKPA, BL/31/1/3, Chamberlain, “Memo. of conversation with Winston Churchill,” 27 Nov 1913.

  37. 37.

    Loreburn, Letter, TT, 11 Sept; NLI, Ms. 15,255/2, Loreburn, Memorandum, 17 Sept 1913.

  38. 38.

    S. Gwynn, Redmond’s Last Years, 84; F. S. Oliver, Alternatives to Civil War (London: Murray, 1913), 21.

  39. 39.

    TT, 11 Sept; IT, FJ, 12 Sept 1913.

  40. 40.

    Dillon to C. P. Scott, 5 Jan in J. L. Hammond, C. P. Scott of the Manchester Guardian (London: G. Bell, 1934), 123; NLI, Ms. 15,165/4, Redmond to Asquith, 4 Feb 1914.

  41. 41.

    UKPA, BL/33/5/20, Bonar Law to A. V. Dicey, 26 March; BL/39/1/9, Cromer to Strachey, 22 Feb 1913.

  42. 42.

    Harold Nicolson, King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign (New York: Doubleday, 1953), 220.

  43. 43.

    UKPA, BL/33/5/57, Bonar Law, Memorandum, 16 Sept; BL/33/5/56, Bonar Law to Lansdowne, 18 Sept; BL/33/5/58, Bonar Law to Carson, 24 Sept 1913.

  44. 44.

    Stamfordham Diary, 17 Sept 1913 in R. S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill: Volume II Companion Part 3, 1911–1914 (London: Heinemann, 1969), 1399–1400.

  45. 45.

    George V to Asquith, 22 Sept 1913 in Nicolson, King George, 225–229.

  46. 46.

    Asquith to Churchill, 12 Sept 1913 in R. Churchill Winston S. Churchill, Volume II, Companion Part 3, 1399.

  47. 47.

    Edward David, ed., Inside Asquith’s Cabinet: From the Diaries of Charles Hobhouse (New York: St. Martin’s, 1977), 150, 11 Nov 1913.

  48. 48.

    Quoted in Nicolson, King George, 229.

  49. 49.

    Asquith to Churchill, 19 Sept 1913 in R. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill: Volume II Companion Part 3, 1400.

  50. 50.

    UKPA, BL/30/2/15, Carson to Bonar Law, 20 Sept; BL/30/3/23, Carson to Lansdowne, 9 Oct 1913.

  51. 51.

    UKPA, BL/30/2/15, Smith to Bonar Law, 20 Sept 1913.

  52. 52.

    BL, Add. Ms. 62,404, Long to Bonar Law, 7 Nov 1913.

  53. 53.

    UKPA, BL/30/2/21, Lansdowne to Bonar Law, 23 Sept; BL/33/5/61, Bonar Law to Lansdowne, 27 Sept 1913.

  54. 54.

    UKPA, BL/30/2/35, F. Harcourt Kitchin to Bonar Law, 30 Sept 1913.

  55. 55.

    UKPA, BL/33/5/67, Bonar Law to Lansdowne, 4 Oct 1913.

  56. 56.

    UKPA, BL/33/5/68, Bonar Law to Lansdowne, 8 Oct; BL/30/3/23, Carson to Lansdowne, 9 Oct; BL/30/3/23, Lansdowne to Carson, 11 Oct 1913.

  57. 57.

    BL, Add Ms. 62,416, Long, Memorandum, 20 Nov 1913.

  58. 58.

    UKPA, BL/33/6/80, Bonar Law, “Conversation with the P.M.,” 15 Oct 1913.

  59. 59.

    UKPA, BL/30/3/31, Lansdowne to Bonar Law, 16 Oct 1913.

  60. 60.

    Lansdowne to Chamberlain, 31 Oct 1913 in Politics from Inside: An Epistolary Chronicle, 1906–1914 (London: Cassell, 1936), 570.

  61. 61.

    UKPA, BL/33/6/8, Bonar Law to J. P. Croal, 18 Oct 1913.

  62. 62.

    UKPA, BL/30/3/58, Strachey to Bonar Law, 27 Oct 1913.

  63. 63.

    UKPA, BL/33/6/93, Bonar Law, Memorandum, 7 Nov 1913.

  64. 64.

    NLI, Plunkett Diaries, Ms. 42,222/34, 1 April 1914.

  65. 65.

    UKPA, BL/33/6/93, Bonar Law, Memorandum, 7 Nov 1913.

  66. 66.

    UKPA, BL/33/6/94, Bonar Law to Long, 7 Nov 1913.

  67. 67.

    C. F. Falls, Lisbellaw, IT, 5 Jan 1914.

  68. 68.

    BL, Add Ms. 62,416, Long, Memorandum, 20 Nov 1913.

  69. 69.

    UKPA, BL/33/6/111, Bonar Law, “Conversation with the P.M.,” 10 Dec 1913.

  70. 70.

    UKPA, BL/31/1/52, Asquith to Carson, 23 Dec 1913.

  71. 71.

    UKPA, BL/33/6/117, Carson to Asquith, n.d.

  72. 72.

    UKPA, BL/33/6/119, Bonar Law to Lansdowne, 27 Dec; BL/33/6/115, Bonar Law to Lansdowne, 22 Dec 1913.

  73. 73.

    UKPA, BL/31/1/14, Hugh Cecil to Bonar Law, 8 Dec 1913.

  74. 74.

    UKPA, BL/34/1/11, Carson to Asquith, 10 Jan 1914.

  75. 75.

    Churchill, Dundee, TT, 9 Oct; Asquith, Ladybank, TT, 27 Oct 1913. For nationalist alarm at these speeches, especially in Ulster, NLI, Ms. 15,181/3, Devlin to Percy Illingworth, 7 Nov; Patrick O’Donnell [Bishop of Raphoe] to Redmond, 9 Oct 1913 in Denis Gwynn, The Life of John Redmond (Freeport: Libraries, 1971), 231–232.

  76. 76.

    Fitzroy, Memoirs, II:523, 14 Oct 1913.

  77. 77.

    NLI, Ms. 15,181/3, O’Connor to Devlin, 1 Oct 1913.

  78. 78.

    O’Connor to Churchill, 7, 22 Oct 1913 in R. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill: Volume II Companion Part 3, 1402, 1405.

  79. 79.

    Redmond, Limerick, FJ, 13 Oct 1913.

  80. 80.

    Trevor Wilson, ed., The Political Diaries of C. P. Scott (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970), 65, 15–16 Jan; 82–83, 7 Feb 1914.

  81. 81.

    Devlin, Dundalk, IT, 6 Oct; in Limerick, FJ, 13 Oct; NLI, Ms. 15,181/3, Devlin to Illingworth, 7 Nov 1913.

  82. 82.

    NLI, Ms. 15,205/4, Jeremiah MacVeagh to Redmond, 28 Oct 1913.

  83. 83.

    NLI, Ms. 15,165/3, Redmond, Memorandum. This memo is undated but gives the date of the Asquith-Redmond meeting as 17 Nov 1913. D. Gwynn, Life of John Redmond, 234–236.

  84. 84.

    NLI, Ms. 15,165/3, Redmond to Asquith, 24 Nov 1913.

  85. 85.

    NLI, Ms. 15,520, Redmond to Birrell, 15 May 1914.

  86. 86.

    Dillon, Parliament, IT, 17 June; Scott, Political Diaries, 84, 26 April 1914.

  87. 87.

    Redmond, Memorandums, 25, 27 Nov 1913 in D. Gwynn, Life of John Redmond, 237–239.

  88. 88.

    George Riddell, More Pages from My Diary, 1908–1914 (London: Country Life, 1934), 189–191, 13–18 December 1913.; Edward Grey, Berwick, TT, 28 Oct 1913; Grey to Churchill, 28 Oct 1913 in R. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, Volume II, Companion Part 3, 1405.

  89. 89.

    NLI, Ms. 15,165/3, Asquith to Redmond, 26 Nov 1913.

  90. 90.

    Quoted in F. S. L. Lyons, John Dillon: A Biography (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968), 341–342.

  91. 91.

    S. Gwynn, Redmond’s Last Years, 95. Liberal Harold Spender thought the Irish Volunteers formed after the Curragh mutiny, “The Last Stand,” Contemporary Review (July 1914): 2. The first MP to refer to volunteers outside Ulster was Unionist Lord Balcarres, Hansard, HL, 11 Feb 1914, “Address in Reply to His Majesty’s Most Gracious Speech,” vol. 15, columns 121–122.

  92. 92.

    P. H. Pearse, Dublin, FJ, 26 Nov 1913.

  93. 93.

    BMH WS 51, Bulmer Hobson, 3–10.

  94. 94.

    Wheatley, Nationalism, 176–183; James McConnel, The Irish Parliamentary Party and the Third Home Rule Crisis (Dublin: Four Courts, 2013), 278–286.

  95. 95.

    Redmond-MacNeill letters in NLI, Ms. 15,204, 16 May, 4 July 1914.

  96. 96.

    Bulmer Hobson, A Short History of the Irish Volunteers (Dublin: Candle, 1918), 93; Mac Giolla Choille, Intelligence Notes, 109.

  97. 97.

    Quoted in Nicolson, King George V, 233.

  98. 98.

    Esher, Captains and Kings, I:152–156, 19–21 Jan 1914; Fitzroy, Memoirs, II:529, 4 Dec 1913.

  99. 99.

    Grey to Selborne, 12 April 1914 in D. G. Boyce, ed., The Crisis of British Unionism: Lord Selborne’s Domestic Political Papers, 1885–1922 (London: Historians’ Press, 1987), 107. For Redmond’s intentions, NLI, Ms. 42,222/34, Plunkett Diaries, 8 May 1914.

  100. 100.

    Michael and Eleanor Brock, eds., H. H. Asquith Letters to Venetia Stanley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 125, 26 July 1914; Packer, “Contested Ground,” 168–170.

  101. 101.

    NLI, 15,257/2, Redmond to Illingworth, 12 Jan; Ms. 15,217/4, Patrick O’Donnell [Bishop of Raphoe] to Redmond, 6 Jan 1914.

  102. 102.

    Hobhouse, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 157, 23 Jan 1914.

  103. 103.

    NLI, Ms. 15,165/4, Redmond, Memorandum, 2 Feb 1914.

  104. 104.

    NLI, Ms. 15,165/4, Redmond to Asquith, 4 Feb 1914.

  105. 105.

    Horace Plunkett, Letter, TT, 10 Feb 1914; PRONI, D1507/A/5/5, Plunkett to Carson, 2 Feb 1914.

  106. 106.

    Hansard, HC, 10 Feb 1914, “Debate on the Address,” Asquith, vol. 58, columns 80–82; NLI, Ms. 49,803/7, Asquith to Plunkett, 16 March 1914.

  107. 107.

    Hansard, HC, 10 Feb 1914, “Debate on the Address,” Asquith, vol. 58, columns 80–82.

  108. 108.

    The first page of Devlin’s 20 Feb 1914 memo is in NLI, Ms. 15,181/3. The remaining pages are in Ms. 15,266. D. Gwynn, Life of John Redmond, 258–260. NLI, Ms. 15,217/4, O’Donnell to Redmond, 25 Feb 1914.

  109. 109.

    Lloyd George, Memorandum, 23 Feb 1914 in D. Gwynn, Life of John Redmond, 260–261.

  110. 110.

    Quoted in Roy Jenkins, Asquith (London: Collins, 1978), 300.

  111. 111.

    Hobhouse, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 159, 28 Jan 1914; M. and E. Brock, Letters to Venetia Stanley, 43.

  112. 112.

    NLI, Ms. 15,266, Redmond, Memorandum, 2 March 1914; D. Gwynn, Life of John Redmond, 267.

  113. 113.

    NLI, Ms. 15,181/3, Devlin to Redmond, 4 March; Ms. 15,205/4, MacVeagh to Redmond, 6 March 1914.

  114. 114.

    NLI, Ms. 15,165/4, Redmond to Asquith, 6 March; Asquith to Redmond, 7 March 1914.

  115. 115.

    TT, 10 March 1914.

  116. 116.

    UKPA, BL/31/2/16, Roberts to Bonar Law, 4 Jan 1914; Brigadier General J. E. Gough, Notes on ‘Home Rule,’ in Ian Beckett, ed., The Army and the Curragh Incident, 1914 (London: Bodley Head, 1986), 35–39; BNL, 27 Nov 1913.

  117. 117.

    UKPA, BL/31/3/2, R. B. Finlay to Bonar Law, 2 Feb 1914; BL/34/2/39, Bonar Law to Henry Craik, 16 March 1914.

  118. 118.

    II, 21 March 1914; TT, 21 March 1914.

  119. 119.

    Richard Holmes, The Little Field Marshal: Sir John French (London: Cape, 1981), 175.

  120. 120.

    Asquith to George V, 18 March 1914; John Spencer Ewart Diary, 17–19 March 1914; I. G. Hogg, Notes, 25 March 1914, in Army and Curragh Incident, 59–60, 62–63, 114–118.

  121. 121.

    David, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 169. The unsigned, undated telegram David asserts was sent from the Curragh to Bonar Law on 20 March 1914 is in UKPA, BL/32/2/54.

  122. 122.

    TT, 3 March 1914; UKPA, BL/32/1/46, Amery to Bonar Law, 22 March 1914; UKPA, BL/32/1/50, “Message from General Wilson,” 23 March 1914; UKPA, BL/32/1/66, Carson to Bonar Law, 26 March 1914; C. E. Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, 2 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1927), I:131–132, 138–145.

  123. 123.

    James Fergusson, The Curragh Incident (London: Faber and Faber, 1964), 27–28.

  124. 124.

    FJ, 24 March; II, 26 March; MG, 24 March; Charles White, Letter, MG, 25 March; DH, 25 March, 2 April 1914.

  125. 125.

    BNL, 25 March; TT, 27 April 1914; NR (April 1914): 190; PRONI, D972/17, Ulster Unionist Council Year Book (1915).

  126. 126.

    UKPA, BL/32/1/45, Stamfordham to Bonar Law, 22 March 1914.

  127. 127.

    Wilson Hungerford, Interview, Nov 1965 in Patrick Buckland, ed., Irish Unionism, 1885–1923: A Documentary History (Belfast: Stationery Office, 1973), 212.

  128. 128.

    IT, 1 April; MG, 1, 2, 8, 27 April; II, 11 May 1914.

  129. 129.

    TT, 27–28 April 1914; Timothy Bowman, Carson’s Army: The Ulster Volunteer Force, 1910–22 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007), 8; Joseph E. A. Connell, “Larne gunrunning,” History Ireland 22, no. 2 (2014): 66; Alvin Jackson, “Irish Unionism, 1870–1922,” in Defenders of the Union: A Survey of British and Irish Unionism Since 1801, ed. D. G. Boyce and Alan O’Day (London: Routledge, 2001), 128–129.

  130. 130.

    Repington, Vestigia, 310.

  131. 131.

    See “Suggestions for a Settlement of the Irish Question”: UKNA, CAB/37/119/53, 6 April; UKPA, BL/39/1/E14, n.d.; NLI, Ms. 15,266, 6 April 1914.

  132. 132.

    Hansard, HC, 28 April 1914, “Naval and Military Movements (Inquiry),” Churchill, vol. 61, column 1591.

  133. 133.

    NLI, Ms. 15,520, Redmond to Asquith, 28 April; Ms. 15,165/4, Redmond to Asquith, 5 May 1914.

  134. 134.

    UKPA, BL/39/4/35, Bonar Law, Memorandum, 5 May 1914.

  135. 135.

    TT, 30 April, 17 June; Pall Mall Gazette, 1 July 1914.

  136. 136.

    NLI, Ms. 15,520, Redmond to Birrell, 15 May 1914.

  137. 137.

    UKPA, BL/39/4/38, Bonar Law, Memorandum, 18 June 1914.

  138. 138.

    Hansard, HC, 12 May, “Business of the House (Procedure Resolution),” Asquith, Lloyd George, vol. 62, columns 953–999; Esher, Captains and Kings, I:169, 23 May 1914.

  139. 139.

    Balcarres, Crawford Papers, 328, 11 March 1914.

  140. 140.

    For uncontested elections, see Bill Kissane, Explaining Irish Democracy (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2002), 145–149.

  141. 141.

    I compiled these statistics from Brian Walker, Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922 (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1978), 325–378. I excluded contests between two Unionists or two home rulers.

  142. 142.

    UKPA, BL/30/3/20, Midleton to Bonar Law, 11 Oct 1913; Midleton, Letter, TT, 15 April 1914.

  143. 143.

    UKPA, BL/32/2/34, Stamfordham to Bonar Law, 15 April 1914.

  144. 144.

    UKPA, BL/32/4/17, Balfour, Memorandum, 12 June; BL, Add. Ms. 62,417, Long to Midleton, 29 May; PRONI, T3350/3/13, H. A. Gwynne, Memorandum, 20 July 1914.

  145. 145.

    Garvin to Waldorf Astor, 22 April 1914 in Gollin, Observer, 425.

  146. 146.

    Christopher Addison, Politics from Within, 1911–1918, 2 vols. (London: Herbert Jenkins, 1924), I:33–35; Hobhouse to Scott, 2 May 1914 in Political Diaries, 84; Andrew Thorpe and Richard Toye, eds., Parliament and Politics in the Age of Asquith and Lloyd George: The Diaries of Cecil Harmsworth, MP, 1909–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 162–163, 20–21 July 1914.

  147. 147.

    See the following in MG, 1914: G. Barnes, Leeds, Walter Runciman, Batley, 20 July; Edward Powell, Altrincham, 23 July; Keir Hardie, 24 July; Richard Haldane, Beauchamp, London, 25 July; J. E. Barlow, Macclesfield, Ramsay MacDonald, Durham, 27 July.

  148. 148.

    UKPA, BL/39/4/43, Bonar Law, Memorandum, 17 July 1914.

  149. 149.

    NLI, Ms. 15,257/3, Redmond, Buckingham Palace Conference Notes, 21 July 1914.

  150. 150.

    UKPA, BL/39/4/44, Bonar Law, “Conference at Buckingham Palace,” 21 July 1914; NLI, Ms. 15,266; PRONI, D1507/A/37/11.

  151. 151.

    James Lowther [Ullswater], A Speaker’s Commentaries, 2 vols. (London: Arnold, 1925), II:163.

  152. 152.

    NLI, Ms. 15,257/3, Redmond, Memorandum, 23 July 1914.

  153. 153.

    UKPA, BL/39/4/44, Bonar Law, “Conference at Buckingham Palace,” 21 July 1914.

  154. 154.

    UKPA, BL/39/4/44, Bonar Law, “Conference at Buckingham Palace,” 22 July 1914.

  155. 155.

    Hobhouse, Inside Asquith’s Cabinet, 177, 27 July 1914.

  156. 156.

    NLI, Ms. 15,257/3, John Redmond, Buckingham Palace Conference Notes, 23 July 1914.

  157. 157.

    Letters to Venetia Stanley, 122, 24 July 1914.

  158. 158.

    Letters to Venetia Stanley, 122, 24 July 1914; Winston to Clementine Churchill, 24 July 1914 in R. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, Volume II, Companion Part 3, 1988; K. M. Wilson, The Cabinet Diary of J. A. Pease, 25 July–4 August 1914 (Leeds Historical and Literary Society, 1983), 5, 29 July 1914.

  159. 159.

    NLI, Ms. 15,257/3, “Essential diff. Betwn. Clean Cut & Plebiscite,” n.d.; Meleady, John Redmond, 284.

  160. 160.

    Quoted in J. A. Spender and Cyril Asquith, Life of Herbert Henry Asquith, Lord Oxford and Asquith, 2 vols. (London: Hutchinson, 1932), II:55.

  161. 161.

    NLI, Ms. 11,016(7), Spender to Bryce, 15 March; Lord to Lady Selborne, 17 June 1914 in Crisis of British Unionism, 112.

  162. 162.

    NLI, Ms. 15,520, Redmond to Asquith, 27 July 1914.

  163. 163.

    NLI, Ms. 42,222/34, Plunkett Diaries, 19 June 1914; PRONI, T3350/3/14, Gwynne to Carson, 22 July; Callwell, Henry Wilson, 148, 3 July 1914.

  164. 164.

    PRONI, T3775/10/5, Craig, “Private Conversation with H.M. The King,” 24 July 1914.

  165. 165.

    NLI, Ms. 15,169/4, Redmond, Memorandum, 23 July 1914.

  166. 166.

    Amery to Neville Chamberlain, 25 July 1914 in Leo Amery Diaries, I:101.

  167. 167.

    DEL, 29 June 1914.

  168. 168.

    Letters to Venetia Stanley, 122, 24 July 1914.

  169. 169.

    Letters to Venetia Stanley, 136, 30 July 1914; 246, 17 Sept 1914.

  170. 170.

    Esher to Balfour, 30 July 1914, Captains and Kings, I:173–174.

  171. 171.

    NLI, Ms. 15,520, Redmond to Asquith, 5 Aug 1914; H. H. Asquith, Memories and Reflections, 1852–1927, 2 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1928), II:9, 30 July 1914; Asquith Letters to Venetia Stanley, 136, 30 July 1914; Austen Chamberlain to Lansdowne, 2 Aug 1914 in Charles Petrie, Life and Letters of Austen Chamberlain, 2 vols. (London: Cassell, 1939), I:375; PRONI, T3350/15, Carson to Gwynne, 7 Aug 1914; PRONI, D2846/1/1/118, Carson to Lady Londonderry, 19 Sept 1914.

  172. 172.

    NLI, Ms. 15,520, Redmond to Asquith, n.d.; Asquith to Redmond, 6 Aug 1914; Asquith, Memories, II:41, 15 Sept 1914.

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Rast, M.C. (2019). “A Settlement Nobody Wants”: Exclusion Gains Ground, 1913–1914. In: Shaping Ireland’s Independence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21118-9_4

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