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Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Autoimmune Disease Treatment

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Stem Cell Transplantation for Autoimmune Diseases and Inflammation

Part of the book series: Stem Cells in Clinical Applications ((SCCA))

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are among the major causes of morbidity and mortality globally, in which women are more vulnerable than men. Autoimmune disease is a pathological condition in which immune cells attack own cells as a result of losing self-tolerance. Several immunosuppressant drugs have been developed to treat autoimmune diseases. However, these drugs help to control the severity of the diseases rather than treating the root causes. In recent years, immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been explored, wherein these cells exhibit such properties through secretory factors. However, the secretion of immunomodulatory factors from MSCs is very dynamic and depends upon the inflamed microenvironment. Besides, the potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from MSCs has also been in the investigation in order to develop treatment for autoimmune diseases. In this review, we attempt to describe the cellular and molecular mechanism behind the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, while the immunomodulatory properties and the potential of MSCs and their EVs in treating these disorders have also been discussed.

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Abbreviations

APC:

Antigen-presenting cells

BM:

Bone marrow

CTLA:

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen

DCs:

Dendritic cells

ESCs:

Embryonic stem cells

EVs:

Extracellular vesicles

G-MSCs:

Gingival MSCs

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen G

h/m/cAD:

Human/murine/canine adipose derived

IDO:

Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase

IFNγ:

Interferon-γ

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IL:

Interleukin

iPSCs:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

LIF:

Leukemia inhibitory factor

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NFκB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NK:

Natural killer

NKT:

Natural killer T

NO:

Nitric oxide

NP:

Neural progenitor

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

STAT:

Signal transducers and activators of transcription

TCR:

T-cell receptor

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor β

Th:

T-helper

TLR:

Toll-like receptors

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor α

Treg:

Regulatory T-cells

Ts:

Suppressor T-cells

UC:

Umbilical cord

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by High Impact Research MOHE Grant UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/DENT/01 from the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia and University of Malaya Research Grant UMRG RP019/13HTM.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors confirm that there are no conflicts of interest related to this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia

    Nazmul Haque

  2. Regenerative Dentistry Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Nazmul Haque & Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim

  3. Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Thamil Selvee Ramasamy

  4. Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim

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  1. Nazmul Haque
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Correspondence to Noor Hayaty Abu Kasim .

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  1. Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science, VNU-HCM, Stem Cell Institute, University of Science, VNU-HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Phuc Van Pham

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Haque, N., Ramasamy, T.S., Kasim, N.H.A. (2019). Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Autoimmune Disease Treatment. In: Pham, P. (eds) Stem Cell Transplantation for Autoimmune Diseases and Inflammation. Stem Cells in Clinical Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23421-8_2

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