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The Right to Peaceful Assembly in a Chaotic Democracy: An Analysis of Nigerian Law

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Governance, Human Rights, and Political Transformation in Africa

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Abstract

This chapter considers the protection of the right to life of demonstrators in Nigeria. It examines the various international human rights standards that guarantee the right to peace assembly and those that regulate the use of force in the context of peaceful assembly or demonstration. It is an in-depth study of demonstration in the context of the use of force law and the right to life, using Nigeria as a case study. The chapter draws the attention of all to the inextricable link between demonstration and the right to life. It concludes with recommendations that if implemented would guarantee safer protection for the lives of demonstrators and thereby ensuring respect of incidental rights and the guaranteeing of good governance in Nigeria.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    HREA, “Freedom of Assembly and Association,” available at http://www.hrea.org/erc/Library/display_doc.php?url=%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fnode%2F24525&external=N, accessed March 28, 2018.

  2. 2.

    Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Seminar on effective measures and best practices to ensure the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of peaceful protests, A/HRC/25/32 (29 January 2014), 18.

  3. 3.

    Stuart Woolman, “Assembly, Demonstration and Petition,” in The Bill of Rights Handbook, 6th ed., ed. Iain Currie and Johan De Waal (Cape Town: JUTA, 2013), 378.

  4. 4.

    Michael O’Flaherty, “Effective Measures and Best Practices to Ensure the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Context of Peaceful Protests: A Background Paper,” (2013) 3, available at www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/FAssociation/Seminar2013/BackgroundPaperSeminar.doc, accessed March 27, 2018.

  5. 5.

    Preamble to the UN Human Rights Council Resolution on “The Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Context of Peaceful Protests” A/HRC/25/L.20 (March 25, 2014).

  6. 6.

    Wade M. Cole, “Mind the Gap: State Capacity and the Implementation of Human Rights Treaties,” International Organization 69, spring (2015): 405–441, 412.

  7. 7.

    Report of Philip Alston, UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, A/61/311 (2006), 33.

  8. 8.

    Cristof Heyns, “A ‘Struggle Approach’ to Human Rights,” in Law and Pluralism, ed. Arend Soeteman (New York: Springer, 2001), 171–190.

  9. 9.

    Heyns, “A ‘Struggle Approach’ to Human Rights.”

  10. 10.

    Ralph Crawshaw and Leif Holmström, Essential Cases on Human Rights for the Police: Review and Summaries of International Cases (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill Nijhoff, 2006), 487.

  11. 11.

    Jörg Künzli and Walter Kälin, The Law of International Human Rights Protection (London: Oxford, 2009), 474.

  12. 12.

    O’Flaherty, “Effective Measures and Best Practices to Ensure the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Context of Peaceful Protests: A Background Paper,” 11.

  13. 13.

    Ibid., 18.

  14. 14.

    Ibid., 21.

  15. 15.

    Kevin Boyle and Sangeeta Shah, “Thought, Expression, Association, and Assembly,” in International Human Rights Law, edited by Daniel Moeckli et al., 2nd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 2014), 234–235.

  16. 16.

    Isaac Sampson, “The Right to Demonstrate in a Democracy: An Evaluation of Public Order Policing in Nigeria,” African Human Rights Law Journal 10, no. 2 (2010): 446

  17. 17.

    Ibid., 438.

  18. 18.

    Ibid., 451–456.

  19. 19.

    Femi Falana, “Nigerians’ Right to Protest Is Constitutionally guaranteed,” available at http://saharareporters.com/2012/01/08/nigerians%E2%80%99-right-protest-constitutionally-guaranteed, accessed March 27, 2019.

  20. 20.

    Chinelo Chinweze, “The Constitutionality of the Public Order Act in a Democracy: ‘A Square Peg in a Round Hole’,” available at http://www.gamji.com/article5000/NEWS5960.htm, accessed March 29, 2018.

  21. 21.

    Osatohanmwen Eruaga, “The Right to Protest: A Review of the Law and Empirics in Nigeria,” in Freedom of Protest, ed. Epiphany Azinge and Laura Ani (Abuja: NIALS Press, 2013), 35.

  22. 22.

    Sampson, “The Right to Demonstrate in a Democracy,” 36.

  23. 23.

    Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), G.A. Res. 217A, U.N. Doc A/810 (10 December 1948).

  24. 24.

    Ibid.

  25. 25.

    International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Mar. 23, 1976, 999 U.N.T.S. 172.

  26. 26.

    International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, 993 U.N.T.S. 3.

  27. 27.

    Kevin Boyle and Sangeeta Shah, “Thought, Expression, Association, and Assembly,” in International Human Rights Law, 2nd ed., ed. Daniel Moeckli et al. (London: Oxford University Press, 2014), 234.

  28. 28.

    ‘The Global Suppression of Protest’ by the International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations (10 October 2013), available at https://www.aclu.org/blog/free-speech/global-suppression-protest, accessed March 28, 2019.

  29. 29.

    Jonas Støre, “Paper Delivered at the Seminar on Human Rights Defenders and Peaceful Protest on 6 June 2012,” available at http://www.regjeringen.no/en/archive/Stoltenbergs-2nd-Government/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs/taler-og-artikler/2012/hr_defenders.html?id=684851, accessed March 27, 2019.

  30. 30.

    Makau Mutua, “Human Rights in Africa: The Limited Promise of Liberalism,” African Studies Review 51, no. 1 (2008): 21.

  31. 31.

    African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights adopted on 27 June 1981 at Nairobi, Kenya and entered into force on 21 October 1986, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/67/3 Rev. 5, 21 ILM 58 (1982).

  32. 32.

    281: Resolution on the Right to Peaceful Demonstrations, at the Commission meeting at its 55th Ordinary Session held from 28 April to 12 May 2014, in Luanda, Angola.

  33. 33.

    Constitutional Rights Project and Others v Nigeria (2000) African Human Rights Law Report 227 (ACHPR 1999), 41.

  34. 34.

    Frans Viljoen, International Human Rights Law in Africa, 2nd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 2012), 333.

  35. 35.

    Abdi Ali, “Derogation from Constitutional Rights and Its Implication Under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights,” Law Democracy & Development 17 (2013): 80.

  36. 36.

    Ibid., 80.

  37. 37.

    Christof Heyns, “The African Regional Human Rights System: In Need of Reform?” African Human Rights Law Journal 1 (2001): 155; Fatsah Ouguergouz, The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: A Comprehensive Agenda for Human Dignity and Sustainable Development (Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill; Nijhoff 2003); Laurent Sermet, “The Absence of a Derogation Clause from the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: A Critical Discussion,” African Human Rights Law Journal 7 (2007): 142.

  38. 38.

    Ali, “Derogation from Constitutional Rights and Its Implication Under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights,” 87.

  39. 39.

    Viljoen, International Human Rights Law in Africa, 334.

  40. 40.

    Media Rights Agenda and Others v Nigeria (2000) AHRLR 200 (ACHPR 1998), 67; Article 19 v Eritrea (2007) AHRLR 73 (ACHPR 2007), 87; Constitutional Rights Project and Others v Nigeria (2000) AHRLR 227 (ACHPR 1999), 41; Jawara v The Gambia (2000) AHRLR 107 (ACHPR 2000), 49.

  41. 41.

    Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Hommeet des Libertés v Chad (2000) AHRLR 66 (ACHPR 1995), 21.

  42. 42.

    Amnesty International v Zambia (2000) AHRLR 325 (ACHPR 1999), 50.

  43. 43.

    (2000) AHRLR 186 (ACHPR 1995), 15.

  44. 44.

    Media Right Agenda case, 70.

  45. 45.

    Constitutional right project case, 44.

  46. 46.

    The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Ratification and Enforcement) Act 1983.

  47. 47.

    Abacha and Others v Fawehinmi (2001) AHRLR 172 (NgSC 2000), 12.

  48. 48.

    Ali, “Derogation from Constitutional Rights and Its Implication Under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights,” 98.

  49. 49.

    Ebenezer Durojaye, “Litigating the Right to Health in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospect,” in International Law and Domestic Human Rights Litigation in Africa, ed. Magnus Killander (Pretoria: PULP, 2010), 160.

  50. 50.

    Part 1 to the first schedule of the CFRN (under Cross River State).

  51. 51.

    David J. Harris, Cases and Materials on International Law, 6th ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 2004), 42.

  52. 52.

    Frans Viljoen, “The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child,” in Introduction to Child Law in South Africa, ed. C.J. Davel (Cape Town: Juta Law, 2000), 215.

  53. 53.

    Ibid., 6; SERAC and Another v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), 45–47.

  54. 54.

    UN publication on “National Human Rights Institutions History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities” (2010), 1; also the General Guidelines of the UN Nairobi Declaration on the Administration of Justice (2008).

  55. 55.

    Article 21 of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

  56. 56.

    Unlike section 17 of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa.

  57. 57.

    Boyle and Shah, “Thought, Expression, Association, and Assembly,” 234.

  58. 58.

    Adegoke Olarenwaju, “Right to Protest and Right to Strike: An Overview,” in Freedom of Protest, ed. Epiphany Azinge and Laura Ani (Abuja: NIALS Press, 2013), 3.

  59. 59.

    Osatohanmwen Eruaga, “The Right to Protest: A Review of the Law and Empirics in Nigeria,” Azinge and Ani (n. 58 above), 39.

  60. 60.

    (2007) AHRLR 179 (NgCA 2007).

  61. 61.

    Ibid., 32.

  62. 62.

    Ibid., 31.

  63. 63.

    Ogadimma Arisukwu, “Policing Trends in Nigeria Since Independence (1960–2012).” The Police Journal 55 (2012): 151.

  64. 64.

    Akin Ibidapo-Obe. In the Public Interest: A Study of the Legal Interventions of Femi Falana (Lagos: Concept Publications, 2008), 1.

  65. 65.

    Ibikunle v Adaralode (2000) 23 WRN 86 (NgSC); Kotoye v Central Bank of Nigeria & Others (2000), 16 WRN 1 (NgSC).

  66. 66.

    ANPP Case, 17.

  67. 67.

    European Court of Human Rights, judgment, 23 April 1992, 42.

  68. 68.

    Geneva Academy, Facilitating Peaceful Protests (2014), 11.

  69. 69.

    Section 214(1); section 3 of the Nigerian Police Act, Cap. P19, Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004).

  70. 70.

    Thomas Probert, ed., “Unlawful Killings in Africa: A Study Prepared for the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Execution” (2014); Anne Peters and Isabelle Ley, Comparative Study: Freedom of Peaceful Assembly in Europe (2014), available at http://www.venice.coe.int/files/Assemblies_Report_12March2014.pdf, accessed 27 March 2018.

  71. 71.

    Resolution of the Human Rights Council on the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of peaceful protests, U.N. Doc A/HRC/22/L.10 (March 2013), 2.

  72. 72.

    Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A, U.N. Doc A/810 (Dec. 10, 1948).

  73. 73.

    International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Mar. 23, 1976, 999 U.N.T.S. 172.

  74. 74.

    Wahab Egbewole and Azubike Onuora-Oguno, “Weeping for the Innocent,” University of Benin Law Journal 15, no. 1 (2014): 63.

  75. 75.

    Christof Heyns’ Report, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (1 April 2014) A/HRC/26/36, 46.

  76. 76.

    Communication 323/2006 Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights & INTERIGHTS v Egypt, 174.

  77. 77.

    Article 4(2) of ICCPR, UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), CCPR General Comment No. 29: Article 4: Derogations during a State of Emergency, 31 August 2001, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11, 11; Human Rights Committee, General Comment 31, Nature of the General Legal Obligation on States Parties to the Covenant, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13 (2004), 6–8.

  78. 78.

    Article 27(2).

  79. 79.

    Article 15(2).

  80. 80.

    Forum of Conscience v Sierra Leone (2000) AHRLR 293 (ACHPR 2000), 19.

  81. 81.

    Michael O’Flaherty, “Effective Measures and Best Practices to Ensure the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Context of Peaceful Protests: A Background Paper,” (2013), 8.

  82. 82.

    Heyns, A/HRC/26/36, 43.

  83. 83.

    Ibid., 26.

  84. 84.

    Abdullahi An-Na’im, “Possibilities and Constraints of the Legal Protection of Human Rights Under Constitutions of African Countries,” in Universal Rights, Local Remedies: Implementing Human Rights in the Legal Systems of Africa, ed. Abdullahi An-Na’im (London: Interights, 1999).

  85. 85.

    Kofi Annan, “‘In Larger Freedom’: Decision Time at the UN” (2005), 1, available at http://www.unis.unvienna.org/pdf/freedom_annan.pdf, accessed March 27, 2019.

  86. 86.

    The Final Report of the Commission on Human Security (2003), 11, available at http://www.unocha.org/humansecurity/chs/finalreport/English/FinalReport.pdf, accessed March 29, 2019.

  87. 87.

    UN Security Council Resolution 1970, S/RES/1970 (2011); The AU Peace and Security Council Resolution, PSC/MIN/COMM.2(CCLXXV) (2011).

  88. 88.

    Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Cuba, 1990. United Nations General Assembly resolution 45/111 adopted without a vote the same year welcomed the Basic Principles.

  89. 89.

    Adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 34/169 (1979); also, Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions, E.S.C Res. 1989/65, 24 May 1989.

  90. 90.

    Article 9 of the code.

  91. 91.

    Geneva Academic, “Facilitating Peaceful Assembly,” (2014).

  92. 92.

    Principle 13.

  93. 93.

    Balçik and others v Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, Judgment, 29 February 2008, 52.

  94. 94.

    Principles 4 and 5.

  95. 95.

    Principles 13 and 14.

  96. 96.

    Heyns, A/HRC/26/36, 42.

  97. 97.

    O’Flaherty, “Effective Measures and Best Practices to Ensure the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Context of Peaceful Protests,” 9.

  98. 98.

    Ibid., 10.

  99. 99.

    Heyns A/HRC/26/36, 59.

  100. 100.

    Ibid., 58

  101. 101.

    Ibid., 60.

  102. 102.

    Ibid., 66.

  103. 103.

    Ibid., 97.

  104. 104.

    Uchechukwu Ngwaba, “Right to Protest and the Politics of Opposition,” in Freedom of Protest, ed. Epiphany Azinge and Laura Ani (Abuja: NIALS Press, 2013), 147.

  105. 105.

    Isaac Sampson, “The Right to Demonstrate in a Democracy: An Evaluation of Public Order Policing in Nigeria,” African Human Rights Law Journal 10, no. 2 (2010): 434.

  106. 106.

    R v Ebi (1936) 3 West African Court of Appeal 36; Joseph Adebayo v The Republic (1967) Nigeria Monthly Law Report 391 (NgSC).

  107. 107.

    Heyns A/HRC/26/36, 61.

  108. 108.

    Geneva Academic, “Facilitating Peaceful Assembly” (2014), 14.

  109. 109.

    Also section 10(2).

  110. 110.

    Section 3A, B, and C.

  111. 111.

    Rule 2 of the Nigeria Police Code of Conduct.

  112. 112.

    Matthias Ojo, “The Nigeria Police and the Search for Integrity in the Midst of Diverse Challenges: An Effective Police Management Approach,” Open Journal of Industrial and Business Management 1, no. 1 (2013), 11.

  113. 113.

    While the Penal Code is in operation in the Northern parts of Nigeria.

  114. 114.

    Criminal Code Act, CAP C38 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, Volume 4, 2004.

  115. 115.

    Oxford Student’s Dictionary, 3rd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 2012), 895.

  116. 116.

    Section 70 and 71 of the Criminal Code.

  117. 117.

    Oxford Student’s Dictionary, 1135.

  118. 118.

    Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, MainaKiai (24 April 2013), 47.

  119. 119.

    Report of Philip Alston, UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (28 May 2010), 33.

  120. 120.

    Principles 9, 10, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (Basic Principles) and Articles 2 and 3 (the code).

  121. 121.

    Geneva Academic, “Facilitating Peaceful Assembly,” 26.

  122. 122.

    Principles 22, 23 and 24 (Basic Principles).

  123. 123.

    Probert, “Unlawful Killings in Africa: A Study Prepared for the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Execution,” 17

  124. 124.

    Egbewole and Onuora-Oguno, “National Security, Impunity and Justice in Nigeria,” 69.

  125. 125.

    Amnesty International report, Killing at Will: Extrajudicial Executions and Unlawful Killings by the Nigeria Police Force, AFR44/038/2009, 8.

  126. 126.

    Human Rights Watch Report, Nigeria: Renewed Crackdown on Freedom of Expression (December 2003), vol. 15, no. 19(A), 8.

  127. 127.

    Amnesty International report, Port Harcourt Demolitions: Excessive Use of Force Against Demonstrators (2011), 5.

  128. 128.

    Benu Nwanne, “Government Propaganda and the Fuel Subsidy Protests in Nigeria: Matters Arising,” European Journal of Business and Social Sciences 2, no. 10 (2014): 118.

  129. 129.

    “Lagos Begins Prosecution of Subsidy Protest Killer Cop,” Premium Times, 15 May 2013.

  130. 130.

    Olusola Osunyikanmi and Foluke Adebukola, “A Comparative Analysis of Police Accountability in Nigeria and United States,” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2, no. 11 (2012): 56.

  131. 131.

    Jimitota Onoyume and Egufe Yafugborhi, “Rivers Crisis: Senator Abe Shot, Flown to London,” The Vanguard, January 13, 2014.

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  1. Faculty of Law, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

    Bamisaye Olutola

  2. Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Bamisaye Olutola

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  1. Research Institute of Environmental Law, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Michael Addaney

  2. Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Michael Gyan Nyarko

  3. African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Banjul, The Gambia

    Elsabé Boshoff

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Olutola, B. (2020). The Right to Peaceful Assembly in a Chaotic Democracy: An Analysis of Nigerian Law. In: Addaney, M., Nyarko, M.G., Boshoff, E. (eds) Governance, Human Rights, and Political Transformation in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27049-0_9

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