Skip to main content

Testicular Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Histopathology Reporting
  • 779 Accesses

Abstract

Testicular Cancer: this chapter outlines the incidence, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations, treatments and prognosis of cancer at this anatomical site. These features are correlated with the core data that are required to make corresponding histopathology reports of a consistently high quality, available in an appropriate timeframe, and clinically relevant to patient management and prognosis. Summary details of the common cancers given at this site include: gross description, histological types, tumour grade/differentiation, extent of local tumour spread, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node involvement, and the status of excision margins. Current WHO Classifications of Malignant Tumours and TNM8 are referenced. Notes are provided on other associated pathology, contemporary use of immunohistochemistry, updates on the role of evolving molecular tests, and the use of these ancillary techniques as biomarkers in diagnosis, and prediction of prognosis and treatment response. A summary is given of the more common non-carcinoma malignancies that are encountered at this site in diagnostic practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen DC, Cameron RI. Histopathology specimens: clinical, pathological and laboratory aspects. 3rd ed. London: Springer; 2017.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., editors. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aycan Z, Bas VN, Cetinkaya S, Yilmaz Agladioglu S, Tiryaki T. Prevalence and long-term follow-up outcomes of testicular adrenal rest tumours in children and adolescent males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol. 2013;78:667–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berney DM, Idrees MT, Tickoo SK, et al. Neoplasia of the testis, orchidectomy, histopathology reporting guide. 1st ed. Sydney: International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting; 2017. http://www.iccr-cancer.org/getattachment/Datasets/Published-Datasets/Urinary-Male-Genital/Neoplasia-of-the-Testis-Orchidectomy-TNM8/Testis-Orchidectomy-hyperlinked-1st-edition

    Google Scholar 

  • Berney DM. Staging and classification of testicular tumours: pitfalls from macroscopy to diagnosis. ACP best practice. J Clin Pathol. 2008;61:20–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berney DM, Looijenga LH, Idrees M, et al. Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS): evolution of the current nomenclature for testicular pre-invasive germ cell malignancy. Histopathology. 2016;69:7–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cancer Research UK. Penile cancer statistics. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/penile-cancer.

  • Chung P, Daugaard G, Tyldesley S, et al. Evaluation of a prognostic model for risk of relapse in stage I seminoma surveillance. Canc Med. 2015;4:155–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornejo KM, Frazier L, Lee RS, Kozakewich HP, Young RH. Yolk sac tumor of the testis in infants and children: a clinicopathologic analysis of 33 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2015 Aug;39:1121–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harari SE, Sassoon DJ, Priemer DS, et al. Testicular cancer: the usage of central review for pathology diagnosis of orchiectomy specimens. Urol Oncol. 2017;35:605.e9–605.e16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard GCW, Nairn M, on behalf of the Guideline Development Group. Management of adult testicular germ cell tumours: summary of updated SIGN guideline. BMJ. 2011a;342:919–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard GCW, Nairn M, Guideline Development Group. Management of adult testicular germ cell tumours: summary of updated SIGN guideline. BMJ. 2011b;342:919–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howitt BE, Berney DM. Tumors of the testis: morphologic features and molecular alterations. Surg Pathol Clin. 2015;8:687–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu R, Ulbright TM, Young RH. Spermatocytic seminoma: a report of 85 cases emphasizing its morphologic spectrum including some aspects not widely known. Am J Surg Pathol. 2019;43:1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Idrees MT, Ulbright TM, Oliva E, Members of the international society of urological pathology testicular tumour panel, et al. The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular non-germ cell tumours: a review and update from the international society of urological pathology testis consultation panel. Histopathology. 2017;70:513–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lankshear S, Srigley J, McGowan T, Yurcan M, Sawka C. Standardized synoptic cancer pathology reports—so what and who cares? A population-based satisfaction survey of 970 pathologists, surgeons, and oncologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137:1599–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn KA, Okamoto K, Jewett MA, Bokemeyer C. Testicular germ cell tumours. Lancet. 2016;387:1762–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moch H, Cubilla AL, Humphrey PA, Reuter VE, Ulbright TM. The 2016 WHO classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs-part A: renal, penile, and testicular tumours. Eur Urol. 2016;70:93–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nayan M, Jewett MA, Sweet J, et al. Lymph node yield in primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for nonseminoma germ cell tumors. J Urol. 2015;194:386–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nogales FF, Preda O, Nicolae A. Yolk sac tumours revisited. A review of their many faces and names. Histopathology. 2012;60:1023–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penis; Urethra. In: Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C, editors. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 8th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajab R, Berney DM. Ten testicular trapdoors. Histopathology. 2008;53:728–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reisch N, Rottenkolber M, Greifenstein A, et al. Testicular adrenal rest tumors develop independently of long-term disease control: a longitudinal analysis of 50 adult men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:E1820–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanfrancesco JM, Trevino KE, Xu H, Ulbright TM, Idrees MT. The significance of spermatic cord involvement by testicular germ cell tumors: should we be staging discontinuous invasion from involved lymphovascular spaces differently from direct extension? Am J Surg Pathol. 2018;42:306–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmoll HJ, Jordan K, Huddart R, et al. Testicular non-seminoma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2010;21:v147–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Testis. In: Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C, editors. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 8th ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Royal College of Pathologists. Datasets and tissue pathways: urinary tract and testes. https://www.rcpath.org/profession/publications/cancer-datasets.html.

  • Thompson RH, Carver BS, Bosl GJ, et al. Contemporary lymph node counts during primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Urology. 2011 Feb;77:368–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tickoo SK, Zhou M, Allan R, Amin MB, Chang SS, Humphrey PA, McKiernan J, Pettus J, Reuter VE, Srigley JR, Ulbright TM, With guidance from the CAP Cancer and CAP Pathology Electronic Reporting Committees. College of American Pathologists protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with malignant germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumors of the testis, Version: Testis 4.0.1.0, Protocol posting date June 2017. http://www.cap.org/ShowProperty?nodePath=/UCMCon/Contribution%20Folders/WebContent/pdf/cp-testis-17protocol-4010.pdf.

  • Ulbright TM, Young RH. Testicular and paratesticular tumors and tumor-like lesions in the first 2 decades. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2014;31:323–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulbright TM, Tickoo SK, Berney DM, Srigley JR, Members of the ISUP Immunohistochemistry in Diagnostic Urologic Pathology Group. Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in testicular tumors: report from the international society of urological pathology consensus conference. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38:e50–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulbright TM. Pitfalls in the interpretation of specimens from patients with testicular tumours, with an emphasis on variant morphologies. Pathology. 2018;50:88–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verrill C, Yilmaz A, Srigley JR, Members of the International Society of Urological Pathology Testicular Tumor Panel, et al. Reporting and staging of testicular germ cell tumors: the international society of urological pathology (ISUP) testicular cancer consultation conference recommendations. Am J Surg Pathol. 2017;41:e22–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson SR, Delahunt B, Magi-Galluzzi C, Algaba F, Egevad L, Ulbright TM, Tickoo SK, Srigley JR, Epstein JI, Berney DM, Members of the ISUP Testicular Tumour Panel. The World Health Organization 2016 classification of testicular germ cell tumours: a review and update from the international society of urological pathology testis consultation panel. Histopathology. 2017;70:335–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Berney DM, Hirsch MS, Cheng L, Ulbright TM. Evidence supporting the existence of benign teratomas of the postpubertal testis: a clinical, histopathologic, and molecular genetic analysis of 25 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013b;37:827–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Ulbright TM. Nuclear localization of beta-catenin in sertoli cell tumors and other sex cord-stromal tumors of the testis: an immunohistochemical study of 87 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2015;39:1390–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Berney DM, Hirsch MS, Cheng L, Ulbright TM. Evidence supporting the existence of benign teratomas of the postpubertal testis: a clinical, histopathologic, and molecular genetic analysis of 25 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013a;37:827–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Declan O’Rourke .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

O’Rourke, D. (2020). Testicular Cancer. In: Boyle, D., Allen, D. (eds) Histopathology Reporting. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27828-1_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27828-1_33

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27827-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27828-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics