Abstract
The State of Arkansas has enacted a Distinguished Governor’s Scholarship Program that awards full college scholarships based solely on ACT or SAT scores. The purpose of the program is to keep “the best and brightest students” in Arkansas. As a matter of fact, fewer than 1% of the scholarships have gone to African-American and Hispanic students. Additionally, the scholarship monies are paid directly to both public and church-related institutions. The amount of aid paid to church-related colleges exceeds that awarded to public institutions.
This chapter first examines the Establishment Clause (Clause) issues of whether direct payments to church-related schools violate the Clause, whether a disparity in the amount of scholarship monies paid to the church schools offends the Clause, whether the program creates an incentive to attend church schools, and whether this constitutes a scheme to divert state tax money to church schools. We next examine the disparate impact of the program on African-American students and conclude that the program violates Title VI of the Civil Rights Act.
We conclude the chapter with an examination of the program and the issue of government and private discrimination from the vantage point of the libertarian philosophy. We conclude that the Arkansas program is unwholesome and discriminatory from both the Title VI disparate impact and libertarian perspectives. We attack the plan on the more radical basis that it would be contrary to libertarian law even if the same proportion of blacks and whites had received scholarships. This is so because the government plan makes invidious comparisons between inept and brilliant students, awarding tax money all to the latter and none to the former. Where is the warrant for the government (private schools excepted) to award scholarships based on intelligence, while ignoring the stupid or ignorant? The State not only vitiates against black people but ignorant people as well. We make the case that this is unwarranted government discrimination on the part of the State.
Should the government be allowed to engage in racial, sexual, or other acts of discrimination?
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Notes
- 1.
See Hicks, et al., v. Arkansas Department of Higher Education, No. Civ-00672, E.D. Ark. (September 5, 2000).
- 2.
Ark. Stat. Ann. § 6-82-305.
- 3.
Ark. Stat. Ann. § 6-82-305(b).
- 4.
Ark. Stat. Ann. § 6-82-301.
- 5.
Ark. Stat. Ann. § 6-82-312(b).
- 6.
Arkansas Department of Higher Education, Student enrollments, Table III, State Appropriations Per Student for Arkansas Governor’s Distinguished Scholars for 1999–2000 Fiscal Year, May 2000.
- 7.
Id.
- 8.
Arkansas Department of Higher Education, Program Rules and Procedures, Rule 5, hereinafter DHE.
- 9.
Id.
- 10.
Ark. Stat. Ann. § 6-82-304 (3).
- 11.
DHE Rules and Procedures, Rule 5.
- 12.
Arkansas Department of Higher Education, Student Enrollments, Table 1, Comparison of The Number of Arkansas Governor’s Distinguished Scholarship Awards by Institution for the 1997–1998 Through 1999–2000 Academic Years.
- 13.
Arkansas Department of Higher Education, Table II, Amount of Arkansas Governor’s Distinguished Scholarship Awards by Institution.
- 14.
Id.
- 15.
Id.
- 16.
984 F.2nd 924 (8th Cir. 1993).
- 17.
Id. at 926.
- 18.
Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974).
- 19.
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44 (1996).
- 20.
42 U.S.C. Section 2000d.
- 21.
Atascadeo State Hospital v. Scanlon, 105 S.Ct. 3142 (1985).
- 22.
422 U.S. 66, 78 (1975).
- 23.
Powell v. Ridge, 189 F.3d 388, 398 (1996).
- 24.
132 Fed. 3rd at 933.
- 25.
468 U.S. at 293.
- 26.
Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 704 (1979).
- 27.
132 F.3d at 936.
- 28.
Ridge v. Powell, 189 F.3d at 398.
- 29.
Powell, 189 F.3d at 400.
- 30.
Chafer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21, 27 (1991).
- 31.
Id.
- 32.
See Will, 491 U.S. at 71n10.
- 33.
Id.
- 34.
Blessing v. Freestone, 520 U.S. 329 (1997).
- 35.
Id.
- 36.
Blessing v. Freestone, 520 U.S. 329, 341 (1997).
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Id.
- 38.
See College Savings Bank, 119 S.Ct. 2207.
- 39.
Id.
- 40.
Sierra Club v. Marita, 46 F.3d 606, 611 (7th Cir. 1995) (quoting Gene R. Nichol, “Ripeness in the Constitution,” 54 University of Chicago Law Review 153, 155, 172–73 (1987)).
- 41.
See Frozen Foods, Supra.
- 42.
Cite to be supplied.
- 43.
U.S. 424 (1971).
- 44.
457 U.S. 440 (1982).
- 45.
189 F.3d 387 (3rd Cir. 1999).
- 46.
463 U.S. at 582 (1982).
- 47.
Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education, 119 S.Ct. 1661 (1999).
- 48.
Amendment I, Constitution of the United States.
- 49.
Cantwell v. Connecticut, 314 U.S. 296, 303 (1940).
- 50.
See, The Debates and Proceedings of the Congress of the United States with an Appendix containing Important State papers and The Public Documents, and all the Laws of a Public Nature; with a Copious Index; Eleventh Congress—Third Session. Comprising the Period from December 3, 1810, to March 3, 1811, Inclusive, Compiled from Authentic Materials, Washington: Printed and published by Gales and Seaton, (1853), pp. 982–985.
- 51.
Id.
- 52.
Id.
- 53.
Id.
- 54.
Id.
- 55.
Id.
- 56.
403 U.S. 602, 612–613, (1971).
- 57.
Id. at 602–603.
- 58.
Id. at 602–603.
- 59.
Id. at 602–603.
- 60.
Id. at 620.
- 61.
397 U.S. 664, 668 (1970).
- 62.
Lemon, 403 U.S. at 621.
- 63.
Id. at 622.
- 64.
Id. at 623.
- 65.
413 U.S. 756 (1973).
- 66.
Id. at 757.
- 67.
Id. at 774–780.
- 68.
Id. at 780–789.
- 69.
Id. at 780.
- 70.
521 U.S. 203 (1997).
- 71.
Id. at 223.
- 72.
Id. at 230.
- 73.
463 U.S. 338 (1983).
- 74.
463 U.S. at 399.
- 75.
473 U.S. 373 (1984).
- 76.
Id. at 375.
- 77.
Id. at 376.
- 78.
Id. at 379.
- 79.
Id. at 397.
- 80.
Id.
- 81.
Id.
- 82.
Id.
- 83.
473 U.S. at 398.
- 84.
374 U.S. 481 (1986).
- 85.
Id. at 483.
- 86.
Id.
- 87.
Id.
- 88.
Id.
- 89.
Id. at 485.
- 90.
Id. at 484.
- 91.
Id. at 486.
- 92.
Id.
- 93.
Id.
- 94.
Id.
- 95.
Id. at 488.
- 96.
Id. at 489.
- 97.
Id.
- 98.
Id.
- 99.
463 U.S. 388, 399 (1983).
- 100.
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), and Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997).
- 101.
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, Waltz v. Tax Commission, 397 U.S. 664 (1970), Committee For Public Education And Religious Liberty v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756 (1973), Grand Rapids School District v. Ball, Mueller v. Allen, 473 U.S. 373 (1984), and Whitters v. Washington Department Of Services For The Blind, 474 U.S. 481 (1986).
- 102.
Whitters v. Washington, Id.
- 103.
Whitters. v. Washington, Id.
- 104.
See, 413 U.S. 756 (1973), and Whitters v. Washington, See, 474 U.S. 481 (1986).
- 105.
120 S.Ct. 2330 (2000).
- 106.
20 U.S.C. Section 7301–7373.
- 107.
20 U.S.C. Section 7351(b)(2).
- 108.
Roy, please supply something here.
- 109.
DHE Rule 6.H.
- 110.
Under Lemon, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), and Agostini, 521 U.S. 203 (1997).
- 111.
Under Lemon, 403 U.S. 602, Waltz, 397 U.S. 664, Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756, and Whitters, 474 U.S. 481.
- 112.
Arkansas Department of Higher Education, Supra, footnote 5.
- 113.
Id.
- 114.
Whitters, 474 U.S. 481.
- 115.
Ark. Stat. Ann. 6-82-312(b).
- 116.
Whitters, 474 U.S. 481.
- 117.
Id.
- 118.
Doug Smith, “Pushing And Shoving For The State’s Top Scholars,” Arkansas Times, Aug 27, 1999, p. 13, Col. 3–4.
- 119.
Doug Smith, “Pushing and Shoving For The State’s Top Scholars, Arkansas Times, Aug. 27, 1999, at 13, Col. 4.
- 120.
See, The Debates and Proceeding of the Congress of the United State, Supra.
- 121.
Id.
- 122.
See on this Block, Walter, Defending the Undefendable, New York: Fox and Wilkes, 1985; Block, Walter, “Libertarianism vs. Libertinism,” The Journal of Libertarian Studies: An Interdisciplinary Review, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1994, pp. 117–128.
- 123.
For some, there is no legitimate role for the government at all. On this see Anderson, Terry and Hill, P.J., “An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: the not so Wild, Wild West,” Journal of Libertarian Studies Vol. 3, No. 1, 1979, pp. 9–29; Barnett, Randy E., The Structure of Liberty: Justice and the Rule of Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998; Benson, Bruce L., 1989, Enforcement of Private Property Rights in Primitive Societies: Law Without Government,” The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX, No. 1, Winter, pp. 1–26; Benson, Bruce L., “The Impetus for Recognizing Private Property and Adopting Ethical Behavior in a Market Economy: Natural Law, Government Law, or Evolving Self-Interest,” 6 Rev. Austrian Econ. 43 (1993); Benson, Bruce, To Serve and Protect, New York: New York University Press, 1998; Benson, Bruce L., “The Spontaneous Evolution of Commercial Law,” Southern Economic Journal, 55: 644–661, 1989; Benson, Bruce L., The Enterprise of Law: Justice Without the State, San Francisco: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1990; Cuzán, Alfred G., “Do We Ever Really Get Out of Anarchy?,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Summer, 1979); De Jasay, Anthony, The State, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985; De Jasay, Anthony, Against Politics: On Government, Anarchy, and Order, London, Routledge, 1997; Friedman, David, The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism, La Salle, IL: Open Court, 2nd ed., 1989; Friedman, David, “Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case,” Journal of Legal Studies, 8: 399–415, 1979; Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism: Economics, Politics and Ethics, Boston: Kluwer, 1989; Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, The Economics and Ethics of Private Property: Studies in Political Economy and Philosophy, Boston: Kluwer, 1993; Hoppe, Hans-Hermann, “The Private Production of Defense,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter 1998–1999, pp. 27–52; Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers, National Goods Versus Public Goods: Defense, Disarmament, and Free Riders, 4 Rev. Austrian Econ. 88 (1990); Martin, James J., Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908 (1970); Morriss, Andrew P., “Miners, Vigilantes and Cattlemen: Overcoming Free Rider Problems in the Private Provision of Law,” Land and Water Law Review, Vol. XXXIII, No, 2, 1998, pp. 581–696; Oppenheimer, Franz, The State, New York: Free Life Editions, (1914), 1975; Peden, Joseph R., 1977, “Property rights in Celtic Irish law,” The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, Spring, pp. 81–96; Rothbard, Murray N., For a New Liberty, Macmillan, New York, 1978; Rothbard, Murray N., The Ethics of Liberty, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 1982; Rothbard, Murray N., “Society Without a State.” J. R. Pennock and J. W. Chapman (eds.), Anarchism: Nomos XIX. New York: New York University Press, 1978, pp. 191–207; Rothbard, Murray N., Man, Economy and State, Auburn AL: Mises Institute, 1993; Skoble, Aeon J. “The Anarchism Controversy,” in Liberty for the 21stCentury: Essays in Contemporary Libertarian Thought, eds. Tibor Machan and Douglas Rasmussen, Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995, pp. 77–96; Sechrest, Larry J., “Rand, Anarchy, and Taxes,” The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, Vol. I, No. 1, Fall 1999, pp. 87–105; Spooner, Lysander, No Treason, Larkspur, Colorado, (1870) 1966; Stringham, Edward, “Justice Without Government,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter 1998–1999, pp. 53–77; Tinsley, Patrick, “With Liberty and Justice for All: A Case for Private Police,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, Winter 1998–1999, pp. 95–100; Tannehill, Morris and Linda, The Market for Liberty, New York: Laissez Faire Books, 1984; Woolridge, William C., Uncle Sam the Monopoly Man, New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1970.
- 124.
On limited government libertarianism as defined above, see Machan, Tibor, 1978, “Against non-libertarian natural rights,” The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 2, No. 3, Fall, pp. 233–238; Machan, Tibor, Capitalism and Individualism, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990; Machan, Tibor, ed., The Libertarian Reader, Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1982; Murray, Charles, What It Means to be a Libertarian, New York: Broadway Books, 1997; Nozick, Robert, Anarchy, State and Utopia, New York: Basic Books, 1974; Read, Leonard, E. Awake for Freedom’s Sake, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education, 1977; Read, Leonard, E. Anything That’s Peaceful, Irvington-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Foundation for Economic Education, 1964; Mises, Ludwig von, Theory and History, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957; Mises, Ludwig von, Human action, Chicago: Regnery, 1966; Mises, Ludwig von, Socialism, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1981 (1969); Mises, Ludvig von, Bureaucracy, New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1969; Mises, Ludwig von, Omnipotent Government, New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1969; Mises, Ludwig von, The Anti-Capitalist Mentality, South Holland, IL: Libertarian Press, 1972.
There are still other writers who characterize themselves as libertarians but allow greater scope for government than courts, armies, and police. For such self-styled libertarians, see Bethell, Tom, The Noblest Triumph: Property and Prosperity Through the Ages, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998; Boaz, David and Crane, Edward H., 1985, Beyond the Status Quo, Washington D.C.: Cato Institute; Boaz, David, Libertarianism: A Primer, New York: Free Press, 1997; Epstein, Richard A., Simple Rules for a Complex World, 1995; Friedman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962; Friedman, Milton, Money Mischief: Episodes in Monetary History, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992; Friedman, Milton, “Alleviation of Poverty,” The Economics of Poverty: An American Paradox, Burton A. Weisbrod, ed., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965; Friedman, Milton & Rose, Tyranny of the Status Quo, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego/New York/London, 1983; Friedman, Milton & Rose, Free to Choose, New York, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1980; Friedman, Milton, There’s No Such Thing As a Free Lunch, Open Court Publishing Co., LaSalle, Illinois, 1975; Gwartney, James D., and Richard L. Stroup, What Everyone Should Know about Economics and Prosperity, Vancouver, B.C.: The Fraser Institute, 1993; Pipes, Richard, Property and Freedom: The story of how through the centuries private ownership has promoted liberty and the rule of law, New York: Knopf, 2000.
- 125.
For the libertarian case in opposed to the criminalization of discrimination, see Block, Walter, “Discrimination: An Interdisciplinary Analysis,” The Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 11, 1992, pp. 241–254; Block, Walter, “Compromising the Uncompromisable: Discrimination,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 57, No. 2, April, 1998, pp. 223–237; Epstein, Richard, Forbidden Grounds, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992; Gottfredson, Linda, “Reconsidering Fairness: A Matter of Social and Ethical Priorities,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1988, Vol. 33, pp. 292–319; Gottfredson, Linda, “The Practical Significance of Black-White Differences in Intelligence,” The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1987, Vol. 10, pp. 510–512; Hernstein, Richard, and Murray Charles, The Bell Curve, New York: The Free Press, 1994; Levin, Michael, 1996, “Why Race Matters: A Preview,” The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, Fall, pp. 287–312; Levin, Michael, September 1984, “Comparable Worth: The Feminist Road to Socialism,” Commentary; Levin, Michael, 1987, Feminism and Freedom, New York: Transaction Books; Levin, Michael, Why Race Matters, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997; Murray, Charles, “Affirmative Racism,” December 1984, The New Republic, 31: 18–23; Murray, Charles, What It Means to be a Libertarian, New York: Broadway Books, 1997; Narveson, Jan, “Have we a right to non-discrimination?,” Business Ethics in Canada, Deborah Poff and Wilfrid Waluchow, eds., Scarborough, ON: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1987, pp. 183–198; Nozick, Robert, 1974, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Basic Books Inc., New York; Rothbard, Murray N., For a New Liberty, Macmillan, New York, 1973, pp. 206–207; Rushton, J.P., “Race Differences in Behavior: A Review and Evolutionary Analysis,” Personality and Individual Differences, 1988, Vol. 9, pp. 1009–1024; Seligman, Daniel, A Question of Intelligence, New York: Birch Lane, 1992.
- 126.
Our critics might think that a good name for this hotel, in view of our last names, would be “Chez Blockhead.”
- 127.
And the same goes for Jews, blacks, homosexuals, females, old people, young people, or any other supposedly “victimized” groups.
- 128.
We shall henceforth consider the views of the minarchists, or limited government advocates alone, so as to obviate for argument’s sake the point made by the anarchist libertarians, that government should not exist at all.
- 129.
There is only one exception to this general rule. If the legitimate function of the government pertains to any of these distinctions, then that may be taken into account. For example, if the police must infiltrate the Mafia, it cannot ask a black cop to do so; for the Blood or the Crips, a Jewish officer simply will not do; if the police must send someone in to spy on a gang of criminals composed of females, or lesbians, a male is counter indicated.
- 130.
Text accompanying footnote 1, Supra.
- 131.
See footnote 1, Supra.
- 132.
We abstract from the question of whether or not the testing instrument accurately distinguishes the one group from the other, assuming for the sake of argument that it does.
- 133.
Robert B. Reich criticizes analogous policies (elite universities accepting only very sharp-witted students) because they increase income inequality. This reason should be sharply distinguished from our own: that awarding scholarships to the “best and the brightest” is an instance of statist discrimination. In our view, private citizens, in sharp contrast to governmental agencies, are entirely justified in acting in ways which increase income inequality. See on this Reich, Robert B., “How Selective Colleges Heighten Income Inequality,” Chronicle of Higher Education Review, September 15, 2000; see also www.prospect.org/reich.
- 134.
What about ostensibly “private” institutions of higher learning such as Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and so on. These, too, would be considered public in that an inordinate percentage of their budgets emanate from coercive tax levies.
- 135.
For the application of this argument to Nazi concentration camps, and the voluntary army employed to support an unjust war, see Block, Walter, “Against the Volunteer Military,” The Libertarian Forum, August 15, 1969, p. 4.
- 136.
Sowell, Thomas, The Vision of the Anointed, New York: Basic Books, 1995, p. 35, states: “No one regards the gross disparity in ‘representation’ between blacks and whites in professional basketball as proving discrimination against whites in that sport.”
- 137.
See on this the movie White Men Can’t Jump. Also, “white man’s disease” is now common parlance in basketball circles, and refers to the inability of white men to jump high for rebounds, or blocks.
- 138.
See Appendix, below.
- 139.
See on this footnote 135, Supra.
- 140.
Block, Walter, and Roy Whitehead, “Human Organ Transplantation: Economic and Legal Issues,” (with Clint Johnson, Mana Davidson, Alan White and Stacy Chandler), Quinnipiac College School of Law Health Journal, Vol. 3, 1999–2000, pp. 87–110; Block, Walter, and Roy Whitehead, “Environmental Justice Risks in the Petroleum Industry,” William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, Vol. 24, No. 1, Winter 2000, pp. 67–88; Block, Walter, and Roy Whitehead, “Direct Payment of State Scholarship Funds to Church-Related Colleges Offends the Constitution and Title VI,” Brigham Young University Journal of Public Law, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2000, pp. 191–207; Block, Walter, and Roy Whitehead, “Gender Equity in Athletics: Should We Adopt a Non-Discriminatory Model?,” (with Lu Hardin), The University of Toledo Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 2, Winter 1999, pp. 223–249; Block, Walter, and Roy Whitehead, “Mandatory Student Fees: Forcing Some to Pay for the Free Speech of Others,” Whittier Law Review, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1999, pp. 759–781; Block, Walter, and Roy Whitehead, “The Unintended Consequences of Environmental Justice,” Forensic Science International, Vol. 100, Nos. 1 and 2, March 1999, pp. 57–67; Whitehead, Roy and Walter E. Block. 2004. “The Boy Scouts, Freedom of Association and the Right to Discriminate: A Legal, Philosophical and Economic Analysis,” Oklahoma City Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 3, Fall, pp. 851–882; Whitehead, Roy, Walter E. Block and Patrick Tinsley. 2008. “Christian Landlords and the Free Exercise Clause: Sinners Need Not Apply,” Oklahoma City University Law Review; Vol. 33, No. 1, Spring, pp. 115–150; Whitehead, Roy and Walter E. Block. 2002. “Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: A Property Rights Perspective,” University of Utah Journal of Law and Family Studies, Vol. 4, pp. 226–263; Block, Walter E., Katherine Wingfield and Roy Whitehead. 2003. “Re-Evaluating America’s Failing Drug Control Laws: A Legal, Philosophical, and Economic Proposal,” Oklahoma City Law Review, Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring, pp. 119–159.
- 141.
That is, whites, and males, are likely to be over represented in the provision of these goods and services to the government. See on this footnote 125, Supra, particularly, Hernstein, Richard, and Murray Charles, op. cit.
- 142.
For a debate on this issue between two libertarians, see Healy, Gene, “Liberty, States’ Rights, and the Most Dangerous Amendment,” Liberty, August 1999, pp. 13–16; Pilon, Roger, “In Defense of the Fourteenth Amendment,” Liberty, February 2000, pp. 39–45; Healy, Gene, “Roger & Me,” Liberty, February 2000, pp. 46–49; Pilon, Roger, “I’ll Take the 14th,” Liberty, March 2000, pp. 15–16.
- 143.
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Appendix
Appendix
Racial and ethnic composition of professional athletic employment (in %)
White | Black | Hispanic | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total population | 73 | 12 | 11 | 4 |
NBA | ||||
Players | 20 | 79 | 0 | 0 |
General Managers | 72 | 28 | 0 | 0 |
Coaches | 67 | 33 | 0 | 0 |
Staff | 77 | 17 | 2 | 3 |
NFL | ||||
Players | 31 | 66 | 1 | 0 |
General Managers | 83 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
Coaches | 75 | 24 | 1 | 0 |
Staff | 80 | 15 | 3 | 2 |
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Block, W.E., Whitehead, R. (2019). Should the Government be Allowed to Discriminate?. In: Philosophy of Law. Palgrave Studies in Classical Liberalism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28360-5_2
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