Abstract
The amount and patterning of precipitation beneath vegetation is determined by throughfall and stemflow. Throughfall is the portion of precipitation that falls through, or drips from, the canopy; whereas, stemflow is the portion that drains down the stem. This chapter briefly synthesises throughfall and stemflow methods, data and major drivers of variability from all studies returned from Web of Science that reported relative annual or seasonal throughfall and stemflow (% of precipitation across the canopy) to date: 644 observations spanning broad climate (boreal, temperate, Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical) and plant types (forests, shrublands, croplands and grasslands) around the globe. Relative throughfall was greatest for forests followed by shrubs > crops > grasses; whereas, relative stemflow was greatest for grasses followed by crops > shrubs > forests. This synthesis identified challenges to integrating net precipitation into large-scale (regional-to-global) hydrologic and climate processes and estimates, including: (1) under-sampling at sites; (2) lacking data for solid and mixed precipitation events’ throughfall and stemflow; (3) very few throughfall and stemflow observations for herbaceous vegetation (compared to woody plants) despite croplands and grasslands representing 11% and 27% of the land surface, respectively, as well as understory herbaceous vegetation being present in nearly all forests; and (4) the current focus on fine-scale drivers of highly localized patterns.
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Appendix A
Appendix A
Canopy height-to-width ratios (H:W) and mean stemflow values in Fig. 4.7b.
Genus/spp | H:W | Stemflow | Citations |
|---|---|---|---|
(–) | (–) | (% rain) | (–) |
Acer | 1.3 | 2.0 | Courchesne and Hendershot (1988), Mahendrappa (1974), Malone (2015), Schooling and Carlyle-Moses (2015), Schooling et al. (2017) |
Big-leaf maple | 3.0 | 7.0 | Hamdan and Schmidt (2012) |
Ailanthus | 3.6 | 7.2 | Sadeghi et al. (2017) |
Betula | 1.4 | 2.9 | Abrahamsen et al. (1977), Courchesne and Hendershot (1988), Molchanov (1963), Wan and Chen (2000), Zabret and Šraj (2015) |
Carya | 1.1 | 0.9 | Peterson and Rolfe (1982) |
Catalpa | 1.0 | 0.4 | Schooling and Carlyle-Moses (2015) |
Cercis | 0.9 | 0.8 | Peterson and Rolfe (1982) |
Chamaecyparis | 17.8 | 10.6 | Sun et al. (2014) |
Cupressus | 10.5 | 9.6 | Nasiri et al. (2012), Sadeghi et al. (2016), Suzuki et al. (1979) |
Fagus | 1.3 | 3.7 | Chang and Matzner (2000), Ghorbani and Rahmani (2009), Krämer and Hölscher (2009), Mosello et al. (2002), Neal et al. (1993), Noirfalise (1958), Petit and Kalombo (1984), Schooling and Carlyle-Moses (2015), Schooling et al. (2017), Staelens et al. (2008), Van Stan II (2012) |
Fraxinus | 1.3 | 1.4 | Malone (2015) |
Gleditsia | 1.1 | 0.6 | Schooling and Carlyle-Moses (2015) |
Ilex | 1.4 | 5.2 | |
Juglans | 1.0 | 1.0 | Lazerjan (2012) |
Juniperus | 0.9 | 2.4 | Badri and Gauquelin (1998), Van Stan et al. (2017), Young et al. (1984) |
Liquidambar | 1.5 | 4.1 | Xiao and McPherson (2011) |
Picea | 1.7 | 4.4 | Aussenac (1968), Bergkvist and Folkeson (1995), Cape et al. (1991), Johnson (1990), Mahendrappa (1974), Nihlgård (1970), Wheater et al. (1987) |
Pinus | 1.6 | 5.0 | Bryant et al. (2005), Cape et al. (1991), Crockford and Richardson (2000), Foster (1974), Ibrahim et al. (1982), Lawson (1967), Lei et al. (1994a, b), Mahendrappa (1974), Majima and Tase (1982), Pryor and Barthelmie (2005), Sadeghi et al. (2016), Toba and Ohta (2005), Uyttendaele and Iroumé (2002) |
Pinus (juvenile) | 2.0 | 4.4 | McKee and Carlyle-Moses (2016) *Assumed 1-m bole to bottom of H |
Platanus | 1.0 | 0.2 | Peterson and Rolfe (1982) |
Populus | 1.4 | 3.9 | Freedman and Prager (1986), Ma et al. (2014), Mahendrappa (1974), Molchanov (1963), Moore (2003), Verry and Timmons (1977) |
Prunus | 1.2 | 1.0 | Schooling and Carlyle-Moses (2015) |
Quercus | 1.1 | 1.6 | Pound (2017) |
Robinia | 1.1 | 1.6 | |
Salix | 1.3 | 3.3 | Li et al. (2009), Schooling and Carlyle-Moses (2015), Yuan et al. (2016), Yue et al. (2014) |
Thuja | 2.5 | 6.1 | Mathers and Taylor (1983) |
Tilia | 1.1 | 1.5 | Schooling and Carlyle-Moses (2015) |
Erica | 2.9 | 6.5 | Aboal et al. (1999) |
Prestoea | 6.5 | 9.8 | Frangi and Lugo (1985) *W = 2.6 m from landscaping manual |
Nothofagus | 8.2 | 10.2 |
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Sadeghi, S.M.M., Gordon, D.A., Van Stan II, J.T. (2020). A Global Synthesis of Throughfall and Stemflow Hydrometeorology
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In: Van Stan, II, J., Gutmann, E., Friesen, J. (eds) Precipitation Partitioning by Vegetation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29702-2_4
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