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Transparency in the Insurance Contract Law of Israel

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Transparency in Insurance Contract Law

Part of the book series: AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation ((ERSILR,volume 2))

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Abstract

The insurance transaction is characterized by information and power gaps between insurers and insureds concerning the interest insured and its exposure to a potential risk. In order to abridge information and power gaps between the parties of the insurance contract, various provisions were legislated by the Israeli legislator, the courts and the regulator—the Commissioner of Insurance, imposing duties of disclosure in the various stages of the insurance transaction, both in the pre-contractual stage, during the policy period and especially after the occurrence of the insured event.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Schwartz and Schlinger (2005), p. 64.

  2. 2.

    See Draft of the Insurance Law, 1975 (published in Hatza’ot Chok [bills] No. 1209 October 16th 1975, p. 22).

  3. 3.

    See C.A. 11081/02 Dolev Insurance Company Ltd., v. Kadosh (2007).

  4. 4.

    See SCJ 7611/01 Maccabi Magen v. Minister of Treasure (2004).

  5. 5.

    See SCJ 6127/00 The Commissioner of Insurance v. Zion Insurance Company (2004).

  6. 6.

    See SCJ 6127/00 The Commissioner of Insurance v. Zion Insurance Company (2004).

  7. 7.

    See: SCJ 7721/96 The Association of Insurance Loss Adjusters v. the Commissioner of Insurance (2001).

  8. 8.

    See Elias (2016), p. 1597.

  9. 9.

    See Shalev (1990), p. 20.

  10. 10.

    See Schwartz (1997), p. 31.

  11. 11.

    C.A. 1809/95 Yehoshua Helman v. La National Insurance Co. Ltd., 50(3) PD77 (1996).

  12. 12.

    Contracts Law (General Part), 1973 (published in Sefer Ha-Chukkim [book of laws] No. 694 April 19th 1973).

  13. 13.

    See C.A. 1845/90 Sinai v. Migdal Insurance Co. PD 47 (5661).

  14. 14.

    See C.A. 103/72 Lloyds Underwriters v. Alayof PD 27 (1) Page 145.

  15. 15.

    See C.A. 108/71 Nemirovsky v. Menora Insurance PD 26(1) Page 301.

  16. 16.

    See C.A. 855/86 Moria v. Isharov PD 42(2) Page 201.

  17. 17.

    See C.F. 33476/94 (Tel-Aviv) L.C. v. Menora Israeli Insurance Co. Ltd., Dinim Magistrates, Volume 16, 627.

  18. 18.

    See Article 16(a) of the Insurance Contract Law; C.A. 2230/92 Tzemach v. Zion Insurance Company Ltd. 48(2) PD 256.

  19. 19.

    See C.A. 1809/95 Helman v. La National Insurance Co. 50(3) PD 77, 82; Schwartz and Schlinger (2005), p. 294; RCA 104/08 John Doe v. Menora at p. 11; However, this is a limited duty, and the party that alleges its breach should prove fraudulent concealment of the matter and awareness of the insured of the materiality of the matter.

  20. 20.

    See Friedman (1972), p. 158.

  21. 21.

    See Elias (2016).

  22. 22.

    Also see C.C 776268/95 Lerner v. Shimshon Insurance Co. (1997).

  23. 23.

    C.C 776268/95 Lerner v. Shimshon Insurance Co. (1997), p. 11.

  24. 24.

    C.A. 1809/95 Joshua Helman v. La Nacional Insurance Co. (1996).

  25. 25.

    R.C.A. 104/08 John Doe v. Menora.

  26. 26.

    C.A. 282/89 Rotenberg v. Clal Insurance Co. (1992).

  27. 27.

    C.A. (District-TA) 1083/92 Hachsharat Hayeshuv v. Yosef Gill.

  28. 28.

    C.A. (District-Haifa) 4301/99 Harel Insurance Co. v. Kislev (2000).

  29. 29.

    C.A. 1064/03 Eliyahu Insurance Co. v. The Estate of Rachel Piamenta (2005).

  30. 30.

    C.A. 1530/02 Menora Insurance Co, v. Yuvalim Aguda Shitufit (2004).

  31. 31.

    See C.C. 5290/01 Zaid v. Migdal Insurance Co. (2004).

  32. 32.

    See C.A. 2230/92 Zemach v. Zion Insurance Co. Ltd.

  33. 33.

    See also C.A. 1272/94 (Tel-Aviv) Dina Cachlon v. Migdal Insurance Co. Ltd., District Dinim, Volume 26(7) 525; See also C.F. 5734/93 (Beer-Sheba) Abu Elkian Taleb v. Clal Insurance Co. Ltd., Magistrate Dinim, Volume A, 895; and C.F. 1449/90 (Ashdod) Asher Basiri v. Menora Insurance Co. Ltd., Magistrates Dinim, Volume A, 179.

  34. 34.

    See: Herman (1995), p. 37.

  35. 35.

    Article 23(a) of the Insurance Contract Law.

  36. 36.

    See Yadin (1981), p. 81.

  37. 37.

    Elias (2016), vol. B, pp. 259 and 260.

  38. 38.

    Elias (2016), vol. B, p. 265.

  39. 39.

    C.A 188/84 Tzur Insurance Co. v. Hadad (1986).

  40. 40.

    C.A 11081/02 Dolev Insurance Co. v. Kadosh (2007).

  41. 41.

    Friedman and Cohen (2003), p. 500.

  42. 42.

    CC 23366/00 Aljaber v. The Phoenix Insurance Co (2003).

  43. 43.

    C.A 230/80 Pneidar v. Castro.

  44. 44.

    A.H 7/81 Pneidar v. Castro.

  45. 45.

    Friedman and Cohen (1991), pp. 580–581.

  46. 46.

    C.A 453/11 M.S. Alluminum Products Ltd. v. Aryeh Insurance Co. (2013).

  47. 47.

    R.C.A 7664/13 Stanitzky v. Bank Leumi Mortgages (2014).

  48. 48.

    C.C 64653/04 Zeflovich v. Aryeh Insurance Co. (2006).

  49. 49.

    C.A 435/11 M.S. Aluminium Products Ltd v. Aryeh Insurance Co. (2013).

  50. 50.

    C.C (TA District) 2668/99 Borovsky v. Menora (2002).

  51. 51.

    C.A. 846/76 Atya v. Ararat Insurance Co, Ltd (1977).

  52. 52.

    C.A. 4819/92; Eliyahu Insurance Co. v. Yashar PD/29(2) 749.

  53. 53.

    C.C. 16318/96 Hazan v. Shimshon Insurance Co. (1998).

  54. 54.

    C.C. (TA) 13567/96 Ovadia v. Hadar Insurance Co.

  55. 55.

    R.C.A 3489/09 Migdal Insurance Co. v. Zvulun Valley Metal Plating Ltd. (2013).

  56. 56.

    Elias (2016), vol. A, p. 279.

  57. 57.

    C.C (TA) 13567/96 Ovadia v. Hadar Insurance Co.

  58. 58.

    C.A 191/80 The Pheonix Insurance Co. v. Devora Hotel Ltd. (1981).

  59. 59.

    PF(TA)6391-01-15 Baruch Gvirtz v. Menora Mivtahim Pensions Ltd. (Feb. 13th, 2017).

  60. 60.

    C.A (Labour Court) 1341/01 Rappaport v. Mivathim – Social Insurance Institution (2003).

  61. 61.

    OM 15650-09-16 Rachel Rappaport v. Menora Mivtahim Insurance Ltd. (2017).

  62. 62.

    C.A.846/76 Atia v. Ararat Insurance Co. PD 31(2) Page 780(1977).

  63. 63.

    Previously published in 2015 (Commissioner’s Directive 2015-1-12).

  64. 64.

    Published in June, 2016 (Commissioner’s Directive 2016-1-17) Adjoining to Insurance (published 9 June 2016, included in Reshumot—The Official Gazette No. 7701 of February 14th 2018), available at https://mof.gov.il/hon.

  65. 65.

    Commissioner’s Directive 2016-10-14 Document of Reasoning (published February 1st 2017, included in Reshumot—The Official Gazette No. 7701 of February 14th 2018), available at https://mof.gov.il/hon.

  66. 66.

    PF(TA) 11002-10-13 Noam Abramov v. Menora Mivtahim Pensions Ltd. (Nov. 18th, 2015).

  67. 67.

    See LCA 10641/05 The Phoenix v. Assulin (4.5.2006).

  68. 68.

    LCA 2121/14 Eliyahu Insurance Co. v. David Ayash Ifrah & Others (2014).

  69. 69.

    LCA 2994/04 Zirlin v. Harel Insurance Co.; C.A. 4819/92; Eliyahu Insurance Co. v. Yashar PD/29(2) 749, p. 777; LCA (T.A) 2143/05 Yonyov v. Hamagen Insurance Co. (2006); C.C. (T.A) 27334/04 Tapiaro v. Dikla Insurance Co. (2005); C.C. (T.A) 47645/07 Twito v. Menora Insurance Co. (2008).

  70. 70.

    C.A. 7276/07 The Official Receiver in the capacity of the Liquidator of North American Bank Ltd. v. Assurance Generale de France (2012).

  71. 71.

    C.M. (Haifa) 12838/02 Hachsharat Hayshuv Ltd. v. Netofa Agriculture Association (2002).

  72. 72.

    CA (District Court—Jerusalem) 75/87 Hanoch Tenenbaum v. Pazit Insurance Agency Ltd.

  73. 73.

    RCA 10337/06 David Menashko v. Hamagen Insurance Co. and Others (2007).

  74. 74.

    C.A. 3214/98 Amnon Schloss v. Ragumi (1978) Ltd., PDI 58(4) pp. 445 and 452.

  75. 75.

    See also: Haifa Magistrates Court CC 15346-02-9 Perach v Ayalon Insurance Co. Ltd. and Jerusalem District Court CC 75/87 Tennenbaum v. Pazit Insurance Agency Ltd. and also Elias (2016), p. 360.

  76. 76.

    C.C. (Ashkelon) 2629/03 Patashvili v. Hadar Insurance Co. Ltd.

  77. 77.

    See: Barak (1996), pp. 610–629.

  78. 78.

    Ben-Uliel (2000), p. 187.

  79. 79.

    BGZ 620/85 Miyari v. Knesset Chairman, PDI 41(4) 169, p. 269.

  80. 80.

    Proccachia (1986), p. 76.

  81. 81.

    See Proccachia (1986), p. 76.

  82. 82.

    See for example Proccachia (1986), p. 79.

  83. 83.

    This principle was cited by agreement by Supreme Court Justice D. Levine, CA 422/85 Bank Leumi LeIsrael v. The Israel Company for Reinsurance Ltd., PDI 45(5) 32, P. 38.

  84. 84.

    See for example: CA 230/80 Pneidar Ltd. v. Castro PDI 35(2), 713, p. 723.

  85. 85.

    See Article 6A of the Law, See also: CA 148/82 Glick v. Arman.

  86. 86.

    Weller (2005), pp. 714–715.

  87. 87.

    Geva (2006), p. 45.

  88. 88.

    C.C 12353/05 Dadon v. Almajmu’a Alahallia Insurance Co. (2007).

  89. 89.

    Friedman and Cohen (1992), pp. 829–830.

  90. 90.

    SC 28927-03-16 Zeidnorg v. Yosher (2016).

  91. 91.

    C.C. (Jerusalem) 57228-06-13 Benjamin Taub v. Bank Mizrahi Tfahot Ltd. (2016).

  92. 92.

    Barak (1965), pp. 109–111.

  93. 93.

    SC 1435/05 Eyal v. Hachsharat Hayeshuv (2006).

  94. 94.

    C.C 38612/03 Sapir v. Giladi (2005).

  95. 95.

    C.C 20336/99 Makranko v. Clal Insurance Co. (2004).

  96. 96.

    C.A 2991-04-08 Fischlovich v. Shirbit Insurance Co. (2008).

  97. 97.

    C.A 47015/01 Bachar v. Ben-Yosef (2004).

  98. 98.

    C.A 3214/98 Schloss v. Ragumi (2004).

  99. 99.

    C.C 200/03 Galam v. The Phoenix Insurance Co, (2004).

  100. 100.

    C.C 12237/02 Shacham v. Hadar (2003).

  101. 101.

    C.C 64653/04 Zeflovich v. Aryeh Insurance Co. (2006).

  102. 102.

    C.C 7521/04 Halevy v. Ayalon Insurance Co. (2007).

  103. 103.

    C.A 10476-05-13 Gabbay v. Clal Insurance Co. (2015).

  104. 104.

    C.C 45103-01-15 Levy v. Keel Insurance Agency (2002) Ltd. and others (2017).

  105. 105.

    C.C. 38870-05-14 Migdal Insurance Co. v. Hassim (2016).

  106. 106.

    CC (Haifa Magistrates) 8824/04 Estate of Tchulek v. Menora Insurance Co. (2006).

  107. 107.

    Article 8 of the Agency Law and CA 249/99 Ayalon Insurance Co. v. Nemet Efraim PDI 55(4) 652.

  108. 108.

    CC (Nazareth District) 603/98 Y.D. Chalafim Ltd. v. Hachshara Insurance Company Ltd. (2003).

  109. 109.

    CC Magistrate Jerusalem 2569/96 Ben Shmuel v. Manor Insurance Agencies (1999).

  110. 110.

    CA (District Tel Aviv) 988/93 Efrati v. Menora Insurance Co. (1995).

  111. 111.

    CC (Acre Magistates) 3035/01 Waked v. Aryeh Insurance Company Ltd. (2004).

  112. 112.

    CC (Magistrate Tel Aviv) 50081/01 Hachsharat Hayishuv Insurance Co. v. Malichi (2002).

  113. 113.

    C.C. 46554-02-12 Klein v. The Phoenix Insurance Co. (2016).

  114. 114.

    C.A 702/89 Eliyahu Insurance Co. v. Noam Urim (1991).

  115. 115.

    CA 190/99 Nemet v. Menora Insurance Co. PDI 55 (4) 652 (2001).

  116. 116.

    Elias (2016), pp. 1108–1109.

  117. 117.

    CC (Tel Aviv Magistrate) 32041/98 Vidal v. Ararat Insurance Co. (2003).

  118. 118.

    CC (TA) 2668/99 Menora Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Borovsky, 2000.

  119. 119.

    C.A. 682/82 Ben Ariyeh v. Sahar Insurance Co. Ltd. PD 37(3) 589 (1983).

  120. 120.

    RCA 5695/06 Baha Saief v. Pozy (21.9.09).

  121. 121.

    Weller (2005), pp. 715–716.

  122. 122.

    Friedman and Cohen (1992), p. 865. See also C.A. 1533/01 (TA) Siri v. Ka’an Insurance Agency Ltd. (2003).

  123. 123.

    C.A. 846/76 Atia v. Ararat Insurance Co. PD 31(2) Page 780 (1977).

  124. 124.

    See Sects. 5.1 and 5.2.1.

  125. 125.

    See Sect. 5.1.

  126. 126.

    Barak (1996), p. 1092.

  127. 127.

    C.A. (Haifa) 2109/02 Sahar Insurance Co. v. Dahamsha (2002).

  128. 128.

    See Sect. 5.2.3 above.

  129. 129.

    C.C (Nazareth District) 603/98 Y.D. Chalafim Ltd. v. Hachsharat Hayesuv Insurance Co. (2003).

  130. 130.

    C.C (Tel Aviv) 29388/03 N.D. Development and Transportation (1998) Ltd. v. Securitas Insurance Agency Ltd. (2006).

  131. 131.

    C.C (Petach Tikva) 4370/01 Hadar Insurance Co. v. Raz (2002).

  132. 132.

    Commissioner’s Directive 2016-10-14 Document of Reasoning (published February 1st 2017, included in Reshumot—The Official Gazette No. 7701 of February 14th 2018), available at https://mof.gov.il/hon.

  133. 133.

    C.C 29355-06-13 Widovsky v. Beck (2014).

  134. 134.

    Weller (2007), p. 399.

  135. 135.

    Section 8(13)(1) of the Commissioner’s Directive 2011-9-5 Investigation and claims settling (published March 28th 2011), available at https://mof.gov.il/hon.

  136. 136.

    R.C.A 2121/14 Eliyahu Insurance Co. v Ayash (2014).

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  1. Tel Aviv, Israel

    Peggy Sharon

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  1. Department of Legal Studies, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milano, Italy

    Pierpaolo Marano

  2. School of Law, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

    Kyriaki Noussia

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Sharon, P. (2019). Transparency in the Insurance Contract Law of Israel. In: Marano, P., Noussia, K. (eds) Transparency in Insurance Contract Law. AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31198-8_25

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