Abstract
The object of High Energy Physics is the study the constituents of matter and their interactions at quantic and relativistic scales, conditions only reachable with very high energies. At these scales, matter and interactions are both described in terms of particles.
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Notes
- 1.
\(h = 6.626~070~040(81) \times 10^{-34}\,\mathrm{Js}\).
- 2.
The symbol c stands for celerity, an outmoded synonymous of velocity.
- 3.
\(h = 938.272 046(21)\,\mathrm{MeV}/c^2\).
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1.A Dark Matter and Dark Energy
1.A Dark Matter and Dark Energy
As we already stressed, gravitation is too weak to compete with other interactions, and is therefore not described in HEP. But the existence of dark matter and dark energy is a strong motivation for BSM.
1.1 1.A.1 Dark Matter
Several observations suggest more matter to be in the universe than the radiated light may let it believe, i.e. some type of matter that does not interact electromagnetically and that cannot be found on earth; this unknown matter is called dark matter.
Historically, the main technique to detect dark matter has been to compute the difference between the luminous mass and the dynamical mass. This can be done at different scales:
More recently, gravitational lenses even allowed to map dark matter in the universe [12]; in addition, anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background may be partly explained by the presence of dark matter [13, 14]. This list is not exhaustive, but these observations are pointing to an important missing piece of modern HEP.
1.2 1.A.2 Dark Energy
The cosmological constant is necessary to explain the observed expansion of the universe with the theory of general relativity [15]. Since it can be understood as a contribution to the energy, it is called dark energy. It would account for around two thirds of the content of the universe [16]; on the other hand, unlike baryonic and dark matter, it would fill the entire universe quite uniformly. Its nature is totally unknown; and its density is too low to be detected in experiments as of today.
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Connor, P.L.S. (2019). Introduction to High Energy Physics. In: Inclusive b Jet Production in Proton-Proton Collisions. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34383-5_1
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