Skip to main content

Carbon Balance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Models of Tree and Stand Dynamics

Abstract

This chapter introduces the basic carbon-balance approach for trees, when considered over their lifetime, at an annual (or growing-season) resolution. At this scale, the key issues of model development include: (1) realistic long-term dynamic properties, (2) responses of growth and mortality of competing individuals, and (3) responses to eco-physiological inputs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ågren GI (1983) Nitrogen productivity of some conifers. Can J For Res 13:494–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ågren GI, Franklin O (2003) Root:shoot ratios, optimization and nitrogen productivity. Ann Bot 92:795–800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Wit CT (1978) Simulation of assimilation, respiration and transpiration of crops. Pudoc, Wageningen

    Google Scholar 

  • Duursma RA, Mäkelä A (2007) Summary models for light interception and light-use efficiency of non-homogeneous canopies. Tree Physiol 27:859–870

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duursma RA, Mäkelä A, Reid DEB, Jokela EJ, Porté A, Roberts SD (2010) Branching networks in gymnosperm trees: implications for metabolic scaling. Funct Ecol 24:723–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grace JC (1990) Modeling the interception of solar radiant energy and net photosynthesis. In: Dixon RK, Meldahl RS, Ruark GA, Warren WG (eds) Process modeling of forest growth responses to environmental stress. Timber Press, Portland, pp 142–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillemot J, Martin-StPaul NK, Dufrêne E, François C, Soudani K, Ourcival JM, Delpierre N (2015) The dynamic of the annual carbon allocation to wood in European tree species is consistent with a combined source-sink limitation of growth: implications for modelling. Biogeosciences 12:2773–2790

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard RM, Bond BJ, Ryan MG (1999) Evidence that hydraulic conductance limits photosynthesis in old Pinus ponderosa trees. Tree Physiol 19:165–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingestad T (1980) Growth, nutrition and nitrogen fixation in grey alder at varied rate of nitrogen addition. Physiol Plant 50:353–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingestad T, Ågren GI (1992) Theories and methods on plant nutrition and growth. Physiol Plant 84:177–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingestad T, Aronsson A, Ågren GI (1981) Nutrient flux density model of mineral nutrition in conifer ecosystems. Studia Forestalia Suecica 160:61–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Kira T, Shidei T (1967) Primary production and turnover of organic matter in different forest ecosystems of the Western Pacific. Jap J Ecol 17:70–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsberg JJ (1986) Physiological ecology of forest production. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Landsberg JJ, Waring RH (1997) A generalised model of forest productivity using simplified concepts of radiation use efficiency, carbon balance and partitioning. For Ecol Manage 95: 209–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang ARG (1991) Application of some of Cauchy’s theorems to the estimation of surface areas of leaves, needles and branches of plants, and light transmittance. Agric For Meteorol 55:191–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ludlow AR, Randle TJ, Grace JC (1990) Developing a process-based growth model for Sitka spruce. In: Dixon RK, Meldahl RS, Ruark GA, Warren WG (eds) Process modeling of forest growth responses to environmental stress. Timber Press, Portland, pp 249–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Luenberger DG (1979) Introduction to dynamic systems. John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäkelä A (1997) A carbon balance model of growth and self-pruning in trees based on structural relationships. For Sci 43:239–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäkelä A, Valentine HT (2001) The ratio of NPP to GPP: evidence of change over the course of stand development. Tree Physiol 21:1015–1030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mäkelä A, Landsberg J, Ek AR, Burk TE, Ter-Mikaelian M, Ågren GI, Oliver CD, Puttonen P (2000) Process-based models for forest ecosystem management: current state of the art and challenges for practical implementation. Tree Physiol 20:289–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMurtrie RE (1991) Relationship of forest productivity to nutrient and carbon supply: a modeling analysis. Tree Physiol 9:87–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMurtrie R, Wolf L (1983) Above- and below-ground growth of forest stands: a carbon budget model. Ann Bot 52(4):437–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monsi M, Saeki T (1953) Uber den lichtfaktor in den pflanzengesellschaften und seine bedeutung fur die stoffproduktion. Jap J Bot 14:22–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilson T (1999) Inversion of gap frequency data in forest stands. Agric For Meteorol 98/99: 437–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oker-Blom P, Pukkala T, Kuuluvainen T (1989) Relationship between radiation interception and photosynthesis in forest canopies: effect of stand structure and latitude. Ecol Modell 49:73–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penning de Vries FWT (1975) Use of assimilates in higher plants. In: Cooper JP (ed) Photosynthesis and productivity in different environments, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 459–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruyn ML, Gartner BL, Harmon ME (2002) Within-stem variation of respiration in Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) trees. New Phytol 154:359–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pruyn ML, Gartner BL, Harmon ME (2005) Storage versus substrate limitation to bole respiratory potential in two coniferous tree species of contrasting sapwood width. J Exp Bot 56:2637–2649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan MG (1991) A simple method for estimating gross carbon budgets for vegetation in forest ecosystems. Tree Physiol 9:255–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan MG (1995) Foliar maintenance respiration of subalpine and boreal trees and shrubs in relation to nitrogen content. Plant Cell Environ 18:765–772

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sala A, Hoch G (2009) Height-related growth declines in ponderosa pine are not due to carbon limitation. Plant Cell Environ 32:22–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprugel DG (1990) Components of woody-tissue respiration in young Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes trees. Trees 4:88–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornley JHM (1972) A model to describe the partitioning of photosynthate during vegetative plant growth. Ann Bot 36:419–430

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thornley JHM (1976) Mathematical models in plant physiology. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornley JHM, Johnson IR (1990) Plant and crop modelling. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanninen P, Mäkelä A (2000) Needle and stem wood production in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees of different age, size and competitive status. Tree Physiol 20:527–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoder BJ, Ryan MG, Waring RH, Schoettle AW, Kaufmann MR (1994) Evidence of reduced photosynthetic rates in old trees. For Sci 40:513–527

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

3.1 Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mäkelä, A., Valentine, H.T. (2020). Carbon Balance. In: Models of Tree and Stand Dynamics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35761-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics