Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intraoperative Protection of the Myocardium: Effects of Age and Gender

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
New Solutions for the Heart

  • 639 Accesses

Abstract

Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of death worldwide and affects both men and women. Each year more than 5.3 million patients in the United States present to emergency departments with chest pain and related symptoms and ultimately, more than 1.4 million individuals are hospitalized and require either interventional cardiologic procedures and/or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) (Nashef et al. Ferguson et al.; Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database to 2004).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abramov D, Tamariz MG, Sever JY, Christakis GT, Bhatnagar G, Heenan AL, Goldman BS, Fremes SE (2000) The influence of gender on the outcome of coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 70: 800–805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aggarwal, BB (2003) Signaling pathways of the superfamily: a double edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 3: 745–756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett-Connor E (1997) Sex differences in coronary heart disease. Why are women so superior? The 1995 Ancel Keys Lecture. Circulation 95: 252–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee MA, Lerner DL, Tadros PN, Laing JG, Beyer EC, Yamada KA, Kléber AG, Schuessler RB, Saffitz JE (2000) Dephosphorylation and intracellular redistribution of ventricular connexin43 during electrical uncoupling induced by ischemia. Circ Res 87: 656–662

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beato M, Klug J (2000) Steroid hormone receptors: an update. Hum Reprod Update 6: 225–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blankstein R, Ward RP, Arnsdorf M, Jones B, Lou YB, Pine M (2005) Female gender is an independent predictor of operative mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: contemporary analysis of 31 Midwestern hospitals. Circulation 112 (9 Suppl): I323–I327

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolego C, Cignare A, Sanvito P, Pelosi V, Pellegatta F, Puglisi L, Pinna C (2005)The acute estrogenic dilation of rat aorta is mediated solely by selective estrogen receptor-α agonists and is abolished by estrogen deprivation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313: 1203–1208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolli R (1998) Why myocardial stunning is clinically important. Basic Res Cardiol 193: 169–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolooki H, Green R, Vargas A, Kaiser GA, Ghahramani A (2004) Coronary artery surgery in women. Tex Heart Inst J 31: 410–417

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Booth EA, Marchesi M, Kilbournee J, Lucchesi BR (2003) 17β-Estradiol as a receptor-mediated cardioprotective agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 307: 395–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth EA, Obeid NR, Lucchesi BR (2005) Activation of estrogen receptor alpha protects the in vivo rabbit heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 28: H2039–H2047

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridgman P, Aronovitz MA, Kakkar R, Oliverio MI, Coffman TM, Rand WM, Konstam MA, Mendelsohn ME, Patten RD (2005) Gender-specific patterns of left ventricular and myocyte remodeling following myocardial infarction in mice deficient in the angiotensin II type 1a receptor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289: H586–H592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges CR, Edwards FH, Peterson ED, Coombs LP, Ferguson TB (2003) Cardiac surgery in nonagenarians and centenarians. J Am Coll Surg 197: 347–356

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capdeville M, Chamogeogarkis T, Lee JH (2001) Effect of gender on outcomes of beating heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg 72: S1022–S1025

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christenson JT, Schmuziger M, Maurice J, Simonet F, Velebit V (1994) How safe is coronary bypass surgery in the elderly patient? Analysis of 111 patients aged 75 years or more and 2939 patients younger than 75 years undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting in a private hospital. Coron Artery Dis 5: 169–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crabbe DL, Dipla K, Ambati S, Zafeiridis A, Gaughan JP, Houser SR, Margulies KB (2003) Gender differences in post-infarction hypertrophy in end-stage failing hearts. J Am Coll Cardiol 41: 300–306

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis KB, Chaitman B, Ryan T, Bittner V, Kennedy JW (1995) Comparison of 15 year survival for men and women after initial medical or surgical treatment for coronary artery disease: a CASS registry study. J Am Coll Cardiol 25: 1000–1009

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dos Santos P, Kowaltowski AJ, Laclau MN, Seetharaman S, Paucek P, Boudina S, Thambo JB, Tariosse L, Garlid KD (2002) Mechanisms by which opening of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel protects the ischemic heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283: H284–H295

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont E, Matsushita T, Kaba RA, Vozzi C, Coppen SR, Khan N, Kaprielian R, Yacoub MH, Severs NJ (2001) Altered connexin expression in human congestive heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 33: 359–371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edmunds LH, Jr., Stephenson LW, Edie RN, Ratcliffe MB (1988) Open-heart surgery in octogenarians. N Engl J Med 319: 131–136

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards DP (2005) Regulation of signal transduction pathways by estrogen and progesterone. Annu Rev Physiol 67: 335–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards FH, Carey JS, Grover FL, Bero JW, Hartz RS (1998) Impact of gender on coronary bypass operative mortality. Ann Thorac Surg 66: 125–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faulk EA, McCully JD, Hadlow NC, Tsukube T, Krukenkamp IB, Federman M, Levitsky S (1995a) Magnesium cardioplegia enhances mRNA levels and the maximal velocity of cytochrome oxidase I in the senescent myocardium during global ischemia. Circulation 92: 405–412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faulk EA, McCully JD, Tsukube T, Hadlow NC, Krukenkamp IB, Levitsky S (1995b) Myocardial mitochondrial calcium accumulation modulates nuclear calcium accumulation and DNA fragmentation. Annal Thorac Surg 60: 338–344.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson TB Jr, Hammill BG, Peterson ED, DeLong ER, Grover FL (2002) A decade of change – risk profiles and outcomes for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting procedures, 1990–1999: a report from the STS National Database Committee and the Duke Clinical Research Institute. Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Thorac Surg 73: 480–489

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fremes SE, Goldman BS, Ivanov J, Weisel RD, David TE, Salerno T (1989) Valvular surgery in the elderly. Circulation 80: 177–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Freude B, Masters TN, Robicsek F, Fokin A, Kostin S, Zimmermann S, Ulmann, C, Lorenz-Meyer S, Schaper, U (2000) Apoptosis is initiated by myocardial ischemia and executed during reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 32: 197–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garlid KD, Paucek P, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Murray HN, Darbenzio RB, D’Alonzo AJ, Lodge NJ, Smith MA, Grover GJ (1997) Cardioprotective effect of diazoxide and its interaction with mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channels: Possible mechanism of cardioprotection. Circ Res 81: 1072–1082

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gersh BJ, Kronmal RA, Schaff HV, Frye TJ, Myers WO, Atherarn MW, Gosselin AJ, Kaiser GC, Killip T, 3rd (1993) Long-term (5 year) results of coronary bypass surgery in patients 65 years old or older; a report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study. Circulation 68(suppl II): I1190–I1199

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilsanz V, Roe TF, Gibbens DT, Schulz EE, Carlson ME, Gonzalez O, Boechat MI (1988) Effect of sex steroids on peak bone density of growing rabbits. Am J Physiol 255: E416–E421

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross GJ, Auchampach JA (2007) Reperfusion injury: does it exist? J Mol Cell Cardiol 4: 12–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Guralnik JM, Fitzsimmons SC (1986) Aging in America: A demographic perspective. Cardiol Clin 4: 175–183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hale SL, Birnbaum Y, Kloner RA (1996) beta-Estradiol, but not alpha-estradiol, reduced myocardial necrosis in rabbits after ischemia and reperfusion. Am Heart J 132: 258–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward CS, Kelly RP, Collins P (2000) The roles of gender, the menopause and hormone replacement on cardiovascular function. Cardiovasc Res 46: 28–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh Y, Wakiyama H, Levitsky S, McCully JD (2007) Cardioplegia and diazoxide modulate STAT3 activation and DNA binding. Ann Thorac Surg 84: 1272–1278

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang X-D, Sandusky GE, Zipes DP (1999) Heterogeneous loss of connexin43 protein in ischemic dog hearts. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 10: 79–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey LL, Chan BK, Sox HC (2002) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 137: 273–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings RB, Steenbergen C Jr, Reimer KA (1995) Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Monogr Pathol 37: 47–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jovanovic S, Jovanovic A, Shen WK, Terzic A (2000) Low concentrations of 17beta-estradiol protect single cardiac cells against metabolic stress-induced Ca2+ loading. J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 948–952

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jónsdóttir LS, Sigfusson N, Sigvaldason H, Thorgeirsson G (1998) Incidence and prevalence of recognised and unrecognised myocardial infarction in women. The Reykjavik Study. Eur Heart J 19: 1011–1018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katsumi A, Orr AW, Tzima E, Schwartz MA (2004) Integrins in mechanotransduction. J Biol Chem. 279: 12001–12004

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim C, Redberg RF, Pavlic T, Eagle KA (2007) A systematic review of gender differences in mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and percutaneous coronary interventions. Clin Cardiol 30: 491–495

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koch CG, Khandwala F, Nussmeier N, Blackstone EH (2003) Gender and outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting: a propensity matched comparison. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126: 2032–2043

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kostetskii I, Li J, Xiong Y, Zhou R, Ferrari VA, Patel VV, Molkentin JD, Radice GL (2005) Induced deletion of the N-cadherin gene in the heart leads to dissolution of the intercalated disc structure. Circ Res 96: 346–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostin S, Klein G, Szalay Z, Hein S, Bauer EP, Schaper J (2002) Structural correlate of atrial fibrillation in human patients. Cardiovasc Res 54: 361–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krukenkamp IB, Silverman NA and Levitsky S (1987) The effect of cardioplegic oxygenation on the correlation between linearized Frank-Starling relationship and myocardial energetics in the ejecting postischemic heart. Circulation 76 (Suppl 5): 122–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubler W, Spieckermann PG (1970) Regulation of glycolysis in the ischemic and anoxic myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1: 351–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee TM, Su SF, Tsai CC, Lee YT, Tsai CH (2000) Cardioprotective effects of 17-beta-estradiol produced by activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(ATP) channels in canine hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 32: 1147–1158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesnefsky EJ, Chen Q, Slabe TJ, Stoll MS, Minkler PE, Hassan MO, Tander B, Hoppel CL (2004) Ischemia, rather than reperfusion inhibits respiration through cytochrome oxidase in the isolated perfused rabbit heart: role of cardiolipin. AM J Phys Heart Circ Phys 287: H258–H267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levitsky S, Laurikka J, Stewart RD, Campos CT, Lahey SJ, McCully JD (2003) Mitochondrial DNA deletions in coronary artery bypass grafting patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 24: 777–784

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Likosky DS, Dacey LJ, Baribeau YR, Leavitt BJ, Clough R, Cochran RP, Quinn R, Sisto DA, Charlesworth DC, Malenka DJ, MacKenzie TA, Olmstead EM, Ross CS, O’Connor GT, Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group (2008) Long-term survival of the very elderly undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg 85: 1233–1237

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda H, McCully JD, Levitsky S (1997) Developmental differences in cytosolic calcium accumulation associated with global ischemia: Evidence for differential intracellular calcium channel receptor activity. Circulation 96(suppl II): II-233–II-239

    Google Scholar 

  • McConkey DJ (1998) Biochemical determinants of apoptosis and necrosis. Toxicol Letts 99: 157–168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCully JD, Wang RX, Kellam B, Sole MJ, Liew CC (1991) Isolation and characterization of a previously unrecognized myosin heavy chain gene present in the Syrian hamster myocardium. J Mol Biol 218: 657–665

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCully JD, Tsukube T, Ataka K, Krukenkamp IB, Feinberg H, Levitsky S (1994) Myocardial cytosolic calcium accumulation during ischemia/reperfusion: The effects of aging and cardioplegia. J Cardiothorac Surg 9: 449–452

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCully JD, Wakiyama H, Cowan DB, Federman M, Levitsky S (2002) Diazoxide amelioration of myocardial injury and mitochondrial damage during cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 74: 2138–2146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCully JD, Wakiyama H, Hsieh Y-J, Jones M, Levitsky S (2004) Differential contribution of necrosis and apoptosis in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286: H1923–H1935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCully JD, Toyoda Y, Wakiyama H, Rousou AJ, Parker RA, Levitsky S (2006) Age and gender related differences in ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection: Effects of diazoxide. Ann Thorac Surg 82: 117–123

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCully JD, Rousou AJ, Parker RA, Levitsky S (2007) Age and gender differences in mitochondrial oxygen consumption and free matrix calcium during ischemia/reperfusion and with cardioplegia and diazoxide. Ann Thorac Surg 83: 1102–1109

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCully JD, Bhasin MK, Wakiyama H, Daly C, Guerrero M, Dillon S, Libermann TA, Cowan DB, Mably JD, Parker RA, Ericsson M, McGowan FX, Levitsky S (2009) Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of the Cardioprotection afforded by Cardioplegia. Physiol Genomics. 38: 125–137

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH (2005) Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences Science 308: 1583–1587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meredith JE, Fazeli B, Schwartz MA (1993) The extracellular matrix as a cell survival factor. Mol Biol Cell. 4: 953–961

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy E, Steenbergen C (2007) Gender-based differences in mechanisms of protection in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 75: 478–486

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nashef SA, Roques F, Michel P, Gauducheau E, Lemeshow S, Salamon R (1999) European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 16: 9–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson HD, Humphrey LL, Nygren P, Teutsch SM, Allan JD (2002) Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. J Am Med Assoc 288: 872–881

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nuess M, Crow MT, Chesley A, and Lakatta EG (2001)Apoptosis in cardiac disease-what is it-how does it occur. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 15: 507–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Otsuki M, Gao H, Dahlman-Wright K, Ohlsson C, Eguchi N, Urade Y, Gustafsson JA (2003) Specific regulation of lipocalin-type prostaglandin d synthase in mouse heart by estrogen receptor beta. Mol Endocrinol 17: 1844–1855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozcan C, Holmuhamedov EL, Jahangir A, Terzic A (2001) Diazoxide protects mitochondria from anoxic injury: implication for myopreservation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 121: 298–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters NS, Green CR, Poole-Wilson PA, Severs NJ (1993) Reduced content of connexin43 gap junctions in ventricular myocardium from hypertrophied and ischemic hearts. Circulation 88: 864-875

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz BJ, Reznikov LL, Harken AH, Dinarello CA (2001) Inhibition of caspase 1 reduces human myocardial ischemic dysfunction via inhibition of IL-18 and IL-1 beta. Proc Natl AcadlScil (USA) 98: 2871–2876.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahimtoola SH (1999) Concept and evaluation of hibernating myocardium. Annu Rev Med 50: 75–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J, Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288: 321–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousou AJ, Ericsson M, Federman M, Levitsky S, McCully JD (2004) Diazoxide and cardioplegia ameliorate ischemia/reperfusion cell death through the modulation of mitochondrial volume and calcium accumulation and mitochondrial respiratory control index. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287: H1967–H1976

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruel M, Bianchi C, Khan TA, Xu S, Liddacott JR, Voisine P, Araujo E, Lyon H, Kohane IS, Libermann TA, Sellke FW (2003) Gene expression profile after cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126: 1521–1530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saraste A, Pulkki K (2000) Morphologic and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res 45: 528–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Poldermans D, Elhendy A, Ferrari R, Rahimtoola SH (2007) Hibernating myocardium: diagnosis and patient outcomes. Curr Probl Cardiol 32: 375–410

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schomisch SJ, Murdock DG, Hedayati N, Carino JL, Lesnefsky EJ, Cmolik BL (2005) Cardioplegia prevents ischemia-induced transcriptional alterations of cytoprotective genes in rat hearts: a DNA microarray study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130: 1151–1158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sellers EM, Koch-Weser J (1974) Binding of diazoxide and other benzothiadiazines to human albumin. Biochem Pharmacol 23: 553–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simkhovich BZ, Marjoram P, Poizat C, Kedes L, Kloner RA (2003) Age-related changes of cardiac gene expression following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Arch Biochem Biophys 420: 268–278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stadler B, Phillips J, Toyoda Y, Federman M, Levitsky, S, McCully JD (2001) Adenosine enhanced ischemic preconditioning modulates necrosis and apoptosis: Effects of stunning and ischemia/reperfusion. Ann Thorac Surg 72: 555–563

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sternbergh WC, Brunsting LA, Abd-Elfattah AS, Wechsler AS (1989) Basal metabolic energy requirements of polarized and depolarized arrest in rat heart. Am J Physiol 256: H846–H851

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stirone C, Duckles SP, Krause DN, Procaccio V (2005) Estrogen increases mitochondrial efficiency and reduces oxidative stress in cerebral blood vessels. Mol Pharmacol 68: 959–965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suleiman MS, Halestrap AP, Griffiths EJ (2001) Mitochondria: a target for myocardial protection. Pharm Therap 89: 29–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Susin SA, Daugas E, Ravagnan L, Samejima K, Zamzami N, Loeffler M, Costantini P, Ferri KF, Irinopoulou T, Prevost MC, Brothers G, Mak TW, Penninger J, Earnshaw WC, Kroemer G (2000) Two distinct pathways leading to nuclear apoptosis. J Exp Med 192: 571–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tansey EE, Kwaku KF, Hammer PE, Cowan DB, Federman M, Levitsky S, McCully JD (2006) Reduction and redistribution of gap and adherens junction proteins following ischemia/reperfusion. Ann Thorac Surg 82: 1472–1479

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Too CK, Giles A, Wilkinson M (1999) Estrogen stimulates expression of adenine nucleotide translocator ANT1 messenger RNA in female rat hearts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 150: 161–167

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toyoda Y, Di Gregorio V, Parker RA, Levitsky S, McCully JD (2000) Anti-stunning and anti-infarct effects of adenosine enhanced ischemic preconditioning. Circulation 102: 326–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Toyoda Y, Levitsky S, McCully JD (2001) Opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels enhances cardioplegic protection. Ann Thorac Surg 71:1281–1289

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai CH, Su FS, Chou TF, Lee TM (2002) Differential effects of sarcolemmal and mitochondrial channels activated by 17β-estradiol on reperfusion arrhythmias and infarct size in canine hearts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301:234–240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukube T, McCully JD, Faulk E, Federman M, LoCicero J, Krukenkamp IB, Levitsky S (1994) Magnesium cardioplegia reduces cytosolic and nuclear calcium and DNA fragmentation in the senescent myocardium. Annal Thorac Surg 58:1005–1011

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukube T, McCully JD, Federman M, Krukenkamp IB, Levitsky S (1996) Developmental differences in cytosolic calcium accumulation associated with surgically induced global ischemia: Optimization of cardioplegic protection and mechanism of action. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112: 175–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukube T, McCully JD, Metz RM, Cook CU, Levitsky S (1997) Amelioration of ischemic calcium overload correlates with high energy phosphates in the senescent myocardium. Am J Physiol (Heart Circ Physiol) 42: H418–H427

    Google Scholar 

  • Ullery BW, Peterson JC, Milla F, Wells MT, Briggs W, Girardi LN, Ko W, Tortolani AJ, Isom OW, Krieger KH (2008) Cardiac surgery in select nonagenarians: should we or shouldn’t we? Ann Thorac Surg 85: 854–860

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaccarino V, Lin ZQ, Casl SV, Mattera JA, Roumanis SA, Abramson JL (2003) Gender differences in recovery after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 41: 307–314

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valentijn AJ, Metcalfe AD, Kott J, Streuli CH, Gilmore AP (2003) Spatial and temporal changes in Bax subcellular localization during anoikis. J Cell Biol 162: 599–612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vina J, Borras C, Gambini J, Sastre J, Pallardo FV (2005) Why females live longer than males? Importance of the upregulation of longevity-associated genes by oestrogenic compounds. FEBS Lett 579: 2541–2545

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinten-Johansen J, Zhao ZQ, Jiang R, Zatta AJ (2005) Myocardial protection in reperfusion with postconditioning. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 3: 1035–1045

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakiyama H, Cowan DB, Toyoda Y, Federman M, Levitsky S, McCully JD (2002) Selective opening of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels during cardiopulmonary bypass decreases apoptosis and necrosis in a model of acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21: 424–433

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenger NK, Marcus FI, O’Rourke RA (1987) Cardiovascular disease in the elderly. JACC 10: 80A–87A

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White MY, Cordwell SJ, McCarron HC, Prasan AM, Craft G, Hambly BD, Jeremy RW (2005) Proteomics of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbit myocardium reveals alterations to proteins of essential functional systems. Proteomics 5: 1395–1410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willems L, Zatta A, Holmgren K, Ashton KJ, Headrick JP (2005) Age-related changes in ischemic tolerance in male and female mouse hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 38: 245–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright R, Levitsky S, Rao K, Holland C, Feinberg H (1978) Potassium cardioplegia. Arch Surg 113: 976–980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Li J, Simons M, Li J, Laham RJ, Sellke FW (2001) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors is increased, but microvascular relaxation is impaired in patients after acute myocardial ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 121: 735–742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zitser-Gurevich Y, Simchen E, Galai N, Mandel M, ISCAB Consortium (2002) Effect of perioperative complications on excess mortality among women after coronary artery bypass: the Israeli Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Study (ISCAB). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 123: 517–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuppinger C, Eppenberger-Eberhardt M, Eppenberger HM (2000) N-cadherin: structure, function and importance in the formation of new intercalated disc-like cell contacts in cardiomyocytes. Heart Fail Rev 5: 251–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

Support: This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (HL29077).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 33 Brookline Avenue, DA-0734, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    James D. McCully

  2. Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Suite 2A, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Sidney Levitsky

Authors
  1. James D. McCully
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sidney Levitsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James D. McCully .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Department of Cardiac Surgery, Landesklinikum St. Pölten, Propst Führerstraße 4, St. Pölten, 3100, Austria

    Bruno K. Podesser

  2. St Thomas Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom

    David J. Chambers

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag/Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McCully, J.D., Levitsky, S. (2011). Intraoperative Protection of the Myocardium: Effects of Age and Gender. In: Podesser, B., Chambers, D. (eds) New Solutions for the Heart. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-85548-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-85548-5_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-211-85547-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-211-85548-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation