Skip to main content
  • 1737 Accesses

Abstract

Tics are sudden, nonrhythmic, repetitive, stereotyped motor movements that are temporarily suppressible and may resemble purposeful-like movements. This chapter reviews main clinical characteristics of ticks and their most common causes. We describe characteristic phenotypic features of conditions associated with both motor and vocal ticks, their differential diagnosis, and most useful clinical work-up. The main emphasis is on Tourette syndrome and its clinical management, including motor and non-motor presentation of this common neurologic condition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Ackermans L, Duits A, van der Linden C, et al. Double-blind clinical trial of thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome. Brain. 2011;134:832–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alsene KM, Rajbhandari AK, Ramaker MJ, Bakshi VP. Discrete forebrain neuronal networks supporting noradrenergic regulation of sensorimotor gating. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36:1003–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bäumer T, Thomalla G, Kroeger J, et al. Interhemispheric motor networks are abnormal in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2010;25:2828–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernabei M, Andreoni G, Mendez Garcia MO, et al. Automatic detection of tic activity in the Tourette Syndrome. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:422–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch M, State M, Pittenger C. Recent advances in Tourette syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24:119–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bos-Veneman NG, Olieman R, Tobiasova Z, et al. Altered immunoglobulin profiles in children with Tourette syndrome. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25:532–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cath DC, Hedderly T, Ludolph AG, ESSTS Guidelines Group, et al. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:155–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanna AE, Ali F, Rickards H. Paligraphia and written jocularity in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2011a;26:930–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanna AE, Eddy CM, Mitchell R, et al. An approach to deep brain stimulation for severe treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome: the UK perspective. Br J Neurosurg. 2011b;25:38–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copur M, Hergüner S, Arpaci B. Tolerability of quetiapine in children and adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;49:177–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dávila G, Berthier ML, Kulisevsky J. Jurado Chacón S Suicide and attempted suicide in Tourette’s syndrome: a case series with literature review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71:1401–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debes NM, Hansen A, Skov L, Larsson H. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of a large clinical cohort of children with Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2011;26:560–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dehning S, Feddersen B, Mehrkens JH, Müller N. Long-term results of electroconvulsive therapy in severe Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J ECT. 2011;27:145–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhossche DM, Reti IM, Shettar SM, Wachtel LE. Tics as signs of catatonia: electroconvulsive therapy response in 2 men. J ECT. 2010;26:266–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draganski B, Martino D, Cavanna AE, et al. Multispectral brain morphometry in Tourette syndrome persisting into adulthood. Brain. 2010;133:3661–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du JC, Chiu TF, Lee KM, et al. Tourette syndrome in children: an updated review. Pediatr Neonatol. 2010;51:255–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eapen V, Robertson MM, Alsobrook JP, et al. Obsessive compulsive symptoms in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder; difference by diagnosis and family history. Am J Med Genet. 1997;74:432–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy CM, Cavanna AE, Gulisano M, et al. Clinical correlates of quality of life in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2011a;26:735–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy CM, Rickards HE, Cavanna AE. Treatment strategies for tics in Tourette syndrome. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2011b;4:25–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans JG. Psychogenic pseudo-Tourette syndrome: one of Dr Johnson’s maladies? J R Soc Med. 2010;103:500–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd I, et al. Tourette Syndrome International Database Consortium. An international perspective on Tourette Syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:436–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goetz CG, Pappert EJ. Textbook of clinical neurology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hariz MI, Robertson MM. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and deep brain stimulation. Eur J Neurosci. 2010;32:1128–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson SR, Parkinson A, Jung J, et al. Compensatory neural reorganization in Tourette syndrome. Curr Biol. 2011;21:580–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J. Phenomenology and classification of tics. Neurol Clin North Am. 1997;15:267–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J. Tourette’s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1184–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J, Kurlan R. Tourette syndrome: evolving concepts. Mov Disord. 2011;26:1149–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J, Tolosa E. Parkinson’s disease and movement disorder. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankovic J, Mink J, Hollenbeck P, editors. Tourette’s syndrome, Advances in neurology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 61–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantini E, Cassaday HJ, Hollis C, Jackson GM. The Normal Inhibition of Associations is Impaired by Clonidine in Tourette Syndrome. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:96–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kompoliti K. The metabolic landscape of Tourette syndrome: learning to view the elephant as an elephant. Neurology. 2011;76:938–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurlan R. Clinical practice. Tourette’s Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2332–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwak C, Dat Vuong K, Jankovic J. Premonitory sensory phenomenon in Tourette’s syndrome. Mov Disord. 2003;18:1530–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon HJ, Lim WS, Lim MH, et al. 1-Hz low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with Tourette’s syndrome. Neurosci Lett. 2011;29(492):1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leckman JF, King RA, Gilbert DL, et al. Streptococcal upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbations of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a prospective longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:108–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mack H, Fullana MA, Russell AJ, Mataix-Cols D, Nakatani E, Heyman I. Obsessions and compulsions in children with Asperger’s syndrome or high-functioning autism: a case–control study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44:1082–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maggio F, Pasciuto T, Paffi A, Apollonio F, Parazzini M, Ravazzani P, d’Inzeo G. Micro vs macro electrode DBS stimulation: a dosimetric study. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:2057–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martins GJ, Shahrokh M, Powell EM. Genetic disruption of Met signaling impairs GABAergic striatal development and cognition. Neuroscience. 2011;176:199–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews CA, Grados MA. Familiality of Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: heritability analysis in a large sib-pair sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:46–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moll GH, Heinrich H, Troo GE, et al. Children with comorbid attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder. Neurology. 2000;54:142–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Vahl KR, Cath DC, Cavanna AE, et al. ESSTS Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part IV: deep brain stimulation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:209–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olfson M, Crystal S, Gerhard T, et al. Patterns and correlates of tic disorder diagnoses in privately and publicly insured youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:119–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pourfar M, Feigin A, Tang CC, et al. Abnormal metabolic brain networks in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2011;76:944–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajapakse T, Pringsheim T. Pharmacotherapeutics of Tourette syndrome and stereotypies in autism. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2010;17:254–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez-Bermudez J, Perez-Rincon H. A proper name for chronic tic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:1279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray LW, Koller WC. Movement disorders, neurologic principles and practice. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Calì PV, Curatolo P. ADHD and epilepsy in children with Tourette syndrome: a triple comorbidity? Acta Paediatr. 2010;99:1894–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson MM. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions, and the complexities of treatment. Brain. 2000;123:425–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roessner V, Plessen KJ, Rothenberger A, et al. ESSTS Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011a;20:173–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roessner V, Rothenberger A, Rickards H, Hoekstra PJ. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011b;20:153–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolands LP, editor. Merritt’s textbook of neurology. 10th ed. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Servello D, Sassi M, Gaeta M, Ricci C, Porta M. Tourette syndrome (TS) bears a higher rate of inflammatory complications at the implanted hardware in deep brain stimulation (DBS). Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011;153:629–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer HS. Current issues in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2000;15:1051–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer HS. Tourette’s syndrome: from behaviour to biology. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:149–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer HS. Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;100:641–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • State MW. The genetics of Tourette disorder. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2011;21:302–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sukhodolsky DG, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Scahill L, Leckman JF, Schultz RT. Neuropsychological functioning in children with Tourette syndrome with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49:1155–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram SK, Huq AM, Sun Z, et al. Exome sequencing of a pedigree with Tourette syndrome or chronic tic disorder. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:901–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland Owens AN, Miguel EC, Swerdlow NR. Sensory gating scales and premonitory urges in Tourette syndrome. ScientificWorldJournal. 2011;11:736–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Termine C, Selvini C, Balottin U, Luoni C, Eddy CM, Cavanna AE. Self-, parent-, and teacher-reported behavioral symptoms in youngsters with Tourette syndrome: a case–control study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011;15:95–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Tourette’s Syndrome Classification Study Group. Definitions and classification of tic disorders. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:1013–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verdellen C, van de Griendt J, Hartmann A, Murphy T, ESSTS Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:197–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walusinski O. Keeping the fire burning: Georges Gilles de la Tourette, Paul Richer, Charles Féré and Alfred Binet. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2011;29:71–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walusinski O, Bogousslavsky J. Georges Gilles de la Tourette (1857–1904). J Neurol. 2011;258:166–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner CJ, Stöcker T, Kellermann T, et al. Altered amygdala functional connectivity in adult Tourette’s syndrome. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;260 Suppl 2:S95–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Worbe Y, Gerardin E, Hartmann A, et al. Distinct structural changes underpin clinical phenotypes in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Brain. 2010;133:3649–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaltho TC, Jankovic J, Lotze T. The association of Tourette syndrome and dopa-responsive dystonia. Mov Disord. 2011;26:359–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zou LP, Wang Y, Zhang LP, et al. Tourette syndrome and excitatory substances: is there a connection? Childs Nerv Syst. 2011;27:793–802.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rana, A.Q., Hedera, P. (2014). Tics. In: Differential Diagnosis of Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01607-8_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01607-8_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-01606-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-01607-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics